Etymology of Court Essay Example For Students

Historical background of Court Essay In this report, I have endeavored to show a general comprehension of how the word court showed up in the English language and propose purposes behind its advancement. A great part of the test has been figuring out what of the data I could introduce. Length limitations and the condition set out, to utilize The Norton Anthology of English Literature as the main source to show the synchronic utilization of the word, have constrained me to adopt a progressively tight strategy. Since court is a polysemic word I concluded that fairly then dwelling on the adjustments in the entirety of its detects, I would endeavor to recognize why this happened. The last piece of the paper is spent examining how court has spread its importance to be utilized in the descriptive word obliging and how it works as an action word. The historical underpinnings of the word court is an intricate report. By seeing its underlying foundations, we discover the word goes back to Latin starting point. In Latin, curia implied a senate house. When Julius Caesar administered, the Curia Julia was the name given to the senate house he began. The comparable sounding curtus, implied short. It appears that both of these words turned into the word cort in Old French. This is pertinent in light of the fact that after the Norman Conquest, French obtain words started to show up in English, including court. Intriguingly, court has never intended to be short in the English language. A third Latin word, cohors gave court another significance once more. Cohors had implied an encased yard for lodging poultry. By 1300, Englishmen were utilizing court to mean An unmistakable space encased by dividers or encompassed by structures Oxford English Dictionary Online OED 2000, court. Subsequently, the English court turned into a polysemic word. Albert C. Baugh places court in the gathering of Governmental and Administrative Words that showed up in the century and a half after 1250, in his book, A History of the English Language. He proposes We ought to expect that English would owe huge numbers of its words managing government and organization to the language of the individuals who for in excess of 200 years made open issues their main concern 1978, 168-169. By remembering court for this classification we can make a few ends with respect to its development. In spite of the fact that the political establishment has consistently existed, its structure is unpredictable and liable to change. Truth be told, one of the essential and maybe the most significant motors of authentic change has been the steady change of the political state. Since our dictionary advances to stick to our current day needs, the word court has needed to change its suggestions to suit the political atmosphere existing apart from everything else. At once, utilizing court with regards to a spot where individuals would be seen as honest or blameworthy of a wrongdoing would recommend a spot where a ruler would choose the destiny of the denounced. A cutting edge thought of this situation contributes the ability to choose the predetermination of the person to a jury, a self-assertively picked gathering of individuals from society. In the two conditions the court is a piece of an element of society that is upheld by its legislature. Its implications, in these specific occurrences, indicate specifications, which change the words meaning. The fourteenth century European life was vastly different than we know today. The decision body was included a pioneer: the lord, and a little world class. Its obligation was to administer and guard the country. This position earned these subjects regard in the public eye. Along these lines, having a place with the court recommended certain conduct: to be gracious. In this sense, we are observer to an organization being represented by specific characteristics which we appreciate, as characterized, Having such habits as befit the court of a ruler, having the direction of a cultured man of his word in intercourse with others; charitably pleasant and aware of the position and sentiments of others; kind and obliging in lead to others OED, affable. When Geoffrey Chaucer was composing he utilized this descriptive word, Curteis he was, humble, and servisable, and carf biforn his fader at the table Norton Anthology of English Literature NAEL 1996, 72. .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe , .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe .postImageUrl , .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe , .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe:hover , .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe:visited , .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe:active { border:0!important; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe:active , .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe:hover { haziness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a 6c0fe .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u9ba62cb3f0a345c486ec3bc504a6c0fe:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Dress Codes EssayIn this statement Chaucer exhibits how affable has held its unique significance. The individuals perusing this in the thirteen hundreds would have made a greater amount of a relationship among affable and the tossed, notwithstanding, the ramifications of good manners has persevered. It is intriguing to take a gander at affable under the steady gaze of seeing court going about as an action word. Considerate is embodying the foundation while court turns around the situation to give individuals institutional qualities. Court, as an action word didnt exist in the English vocabulary before roughly 1515. Presently an old articulation, it was at first used to mean, To be or dwell at court, to visit the courtOED, court. An unmistakable connection among individuals and the organization has been characterized. In this use of the action word, an individual who has a place with the court encapsulates the court. Before the century's over Edmund Spencer would utilize court from another perspective. When as this knight near to the Ladie drew, With dazzling court he gan her entertaine NAEL 1996, 351 intended to give affectionate consideration to, look to pick up the expressions of love of, have intercourse to with a perspective on marriage, pay delivers to, charm OED, action word. I derive two hypotheses for why this action word developed. One of the significant jobs of a subject would have been to pick up favor with the ruler as well as different individuals from court so as to obtain partners. It would appear to be a consistent advance for this conduct to be begat as seeking. Therefore, we find in The Faerie Queene the knight attempting to get the kindness of the woman. Around the same time as Spencer was composing, a court of adoration was made; a foundation said to have existed in southern France in the Middle ages, a council made out of masters and women choosing inquiries of affection and bravery OED court. This may likewise clarify why out of nowhere the action word included itself with the issues of the heart. In either case, the thing has affected the action word. This paper has examined the word court. It has secured the roots and starting point of the word, why it is polysemic, how it came into the English dictionary, explanations behind why it has advanced in English, and how it has become a descriptive word and an action word. By taking a gander at instances of text and making a correlation of undertone in over a wide span of time, a synchronic assessment has helped show the diachronic word. You may contend that there are no advanced content models in this paper and a significant number of the words faculties have been disregarded. While this is valid, my objective was to show how court has advanced as a word in our language, not its latest use and implications. Thinking about the conditions for the task, I feel my motivation was best served by the center I have taken. All in all, this paper has shown the great history of a solitary word, controlled by language, time and history.

Nursing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing - Article Example The article keeps up that the wellbeing business has basic slips by in its execution of present day innovation in its initiative structures. Likewise, the creator recognizes the static idea of workplace and the need to rebuild initiative strategies. Along these lines, the article praises wellbeing the executives writing. My Analysis The advanced business condition is portrayed by shortage of assets and, thus the requirement for successful administration. Utilization of mechanical developments has been recognized as a critical part of the board in the cutting edge business condition. In spite of the fact that the wellbeing segment manages the inalienable issue of people’s wellbeing, it requires successful administration. This shows the presence of a real research issue for examination. The creator uses both subjective and quantitative research strategies to investigate the degree of the issue. Specifically, the scientist uses quantitative methods to quantify the degree of use o f data innovation in the wellbeing division. This empowers him to make an exact correlation of the wellbeing business with different enterprises of equal interests. To finish his investigation, the scientist uses subjective research methods to set up factors that have added to absence of use of data innovation in the wellbeing business. ... To upgrade believability of his contention, the writer refers to essential articles from refereed diaries and government distributions. The paper finishes up its investigation with proposal that calls for rapid usage of data innovation in the wellbeing business. Territories of main goal incorporate remedy and patient’s progress records. Application I consider the article pertinent to the present educating and nursing practice. It is fascinating to take note of that the wellbeing division falls behind different businesses in its use of data innovation, regardless of its hugeness to the general public. This connotes the need to have convincing rebuild of the whole framework starting with preparing programs for medical attendants. I consider the issue as a twofold issue due to patient’s commitment. The traditionalist idea of patients and different recipients of general wellbeing administrations have added to the deferred usage of data framework in the wellbeing business. A ccordingly, the open needs significant preparing as an essential for the usage. What's more, there is have to make easy to use frameworks that can be used by various classifications of clients. Joining of the recently formed frameworks into the present workplace ought to likewise include all partners. I consider the issue basic for the supportability of the wellbeing segment and I suggest rapid changes. Proficient Organization â€Å"Factors Affecting Nurses' Decisions to Join and Maintain Membership in Professional Associations† Summary Professional associations are successful instruments in keep up polished skill and social government assistance among laborers. In spite of the fact that attendants include greater part of wellbeing laborers in a given nation, a large portion of have not found the benefits of joining

Learn How to Write Essays With These Essay Sample Tips

Learn How to Write Essays With These Essay Sample TipsThere are arguments and essay samples on just about every topic under the sun. From political topics to sports and even baby items, they exist. What makes a good argument? Well, that is really up to you.Most people are not going to come in with an extremely technical understanding of some sort of common, basic academic argument. They will come in with at least some understanding of language and grammar. If they come in with no knowledge of either of those things, they should be able to find an article on either. If they do not understand them, they can always consult with their teacher.There are two very common issue when it comes to writing essays. The first issue is being able to understand a writer's point of view. This means that they must be able to understand the tone that the writer is trying to convey.Most people assume that the tone or style that is used during the writing is in reference to the main point of the argument . It would be wise for them to check out article samples for a bit before writing their essay. Some good articles on this topic are:No matter what the style, it must still follow the same basic sense of point. This means that you have to be able to follow the rules of grammar and good writing. While the rules may vary from one writer to another, a lot of the rules are pretty universal.Your essay samples will be different than someone else's essay samples. This is because they are going to be unique to you. That is not to say that they will not be strong in any way but that they will be different. Remember that your essay must be strong and convincing.Another important thing to remember is that there is no such thing as plagiarism. Writing is a natural ability and you should feel confident in your abilities as a writer. It is very rare that someone really plagiarizes something and in all actuality, if you take a look around your house, you will see that everyone has written something .While all writing is going to have very strong points, this does not mean that they should be weak in any way. Do not put too much emphasis on being a strong writer. You should be able to be successful without putting all the weight on your writing.

Impact of Terrorism on Law Enforcement - 1566 Words

Impact of Terrorism in Law Enforcement The devastating events of 9/11 provided a forewarning to our country concerning the dangers of terrorism. However, it has created a particularly greater impact on the duties and standards expected of law enforcement agencies on all levels (local, state, and national). Law enforcement has begun implementing new tactics in an effort to prevent future terrorist attacks from threatening our national security. One aspect of policing in which terrorism has brought about is the process of information sharing between all levels of law enforcement. Our nation has also witnessed a change from traditional policing to that of a militarized one. Furthermore, after the incidents of September 11th, the†¦show more content†¦8). Therefore, although the attacks of 9/11 generated alterations in our national defense strategies, it additionally adjusted law enforcement policies immensely (Brooks, B. E., 2010, p. 113). It is now more common to have squads of police officers, such as SWAT t eams, with specialized training in preventing future terrorist attacks. With exceptions to some officers at the local level, many of these specially trained teams are made up of state and national law enforcement. There are several local law enforcement agencies throughout America that do participate in anti-terrorism training, but on a larger scale many of these local departments lack the necessary training needed to prevent such threats. Therefore, local police departments, who lack special training, depend on the departments that are qualified to aid them. Likewise, the training these lower level law enforcement officers obtain varies greatly than that of state and national law enforcement. Despite the quantity of officers in local law enforcement departments, it is essential that each individual officer undergoes the preparations that are essential to be well equipped for reacting to a threat of terrorism. These preparations are crucial in that local law enforcement officer s are often the first responders to these attacks, therefore they should be familiarShow MoreRelatedTerrorism Has A Huge Impact On Us Law Enforcement1559 Words   |  7 Pages Police in the United States has had to deal with terrorism for many, many years. Local organizations within the country have the concepts and the equipment to create security networks and the support to have enough resistances and transgressions. U.S. law enforcement has come a long way in guarding our country and security got even better when all the events from 9/11 took place. According to text â€Å"While the Patriot Act may be the most recognizable piece of legislation relating to Sept. 11, moreRead MoreTerrorism Is Just A Terrible Thing?1575 Words   |  7 PagesTerrorism is just a terrible thing to hear about when it takes place. The people and the world would be better if we did not have it in our world. We all know that terrorism affects we, the people, greatly when it strikes. On the other han ds, how does it affect the ones that try to fight and prohibit terrorism at hand, the police. Terrorism affects the police in hundreds of different ways. Police have to know what to do and how to deal with terrorism, which requires much more all around trainingRead MoreThe Usa Patriot Act, By George W. Bush1420 Words   |  6 PagesAct is one of the most powerful laws of modern day and has powerful ramifications for the future (Ibbetson 4). â€Å"True patriots realized that one must protect the nation from all enemies, foreign and domestic (Etzioni 1).† The U.S.A. P.A.T.R.I.O.T. Act is an acronym for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (Harvard). 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What Is The Theme Of Alcoholism In Cathedral By Raymond...

In â€Å"Cathedral†, a short story by Raymond Carver, an unnamed narrator awaits the arrival of a friend of his wife’s, a blind man named Robert. Robert is stopping by for a visit on the way to his recently dead wife’s relatives. The narrator is not happy about the relationship his wife has with Robert, so he drinks constantly throughout the story. He even smokes marijuana near to keep his mind off of the situation. This trait that the narrator has can be linked back to the author Raymond Carver, who was a suffering alcoholic for many years. By the time Carver wrote this story, he had been alcohol free for three years, so his unconscious desire to return to drinking is shown through the narrator. The narrator also has a hidden desire of using†¦show more content†¦He barely speaks any words about himself, instead he chooses to tell everything about his wife’s life. When the narrator speaks of his wife’s first husband, he says â€Å"this man who’d first enjoyed her favors†¦why should he have a name?† (Carver 275). The way he words these phrases shows how he is trying to hide the fact that his wife has been with another man. The insecurities about the relationship probably began when the wife told the narrator that Robert â€Å"asked if he could touch her face. She agreed to this. She told me he touched his fingers to every part of her face, her nose—even her neck† (Carver 274). The narrator doesn’t say anymore on the topic and decides to move on, but the silence shows how he doesn’t approve of the situation. The narrator felt that his wife â€Å"told [Robert] everything, or so it seemed to me† (Carver 275). When the wife notices how the narrator is uncomfortable about Robert she says â€Å"If you love me, you can do this for me. If you don’t love me, okay† (Carver 276), which shows that she doesn’t have much stake in the relationship either. The narrator describes in detail how his wife is happy and smiling as she is talking to Robert, but when she â€Å"finally took her eyes off the blind man and looked at me. I had the feeling she didn’t like what she saw† (Carver 278). He even begins to get jealous that his doesn’t even mention him as she tells her life story. â€Å"I waited in vain to hear my name on my wife’sShow MoreRelatedAlcohol and Marijuana in Catherdral by Raymond Carver Essay963 Words   |  4 Pagesand encage in behaviors out of the ordinary. Drugs and alcohol are used in the story â€Å"Cathedral† but also they are used in Raymond Carver’s personal life. Carver began drinking heavily in 1967 and was repeatedly hospitalized for alcoholism in the 1970’s. Carver’s minimum wage jobs, the demand of parenting and the need to bring money home led to his addiction to alcohol. 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Hamlet Journal Assignments - 3822 Words

Hamlet by William Shakespeare AP English Literature Journal Assignments The following are journal entries for our reading of Hamlet. Each entry should be completed after we have finished reading and/or viewing that scene in class. The purpose is to prepare you for class discussion; therefore, you should have something written for each entry before we discuss it in class (even if it’s only a question). See Ms. M with questions ahead of time – don’t expect to be given answers in class! Be sure to cite textual evidence to support all your answers – remember to record act, scene and line numbers. Entry 1 – Act I scene i Consider Horatio’s account of the battle between old Hamlet and old Fortinbras and the descriptions of the late king†¦show more content†¦How might this speech be read to support such an idea? What, do you think, is the invited reading of the lines beginning, â€Å"So oft it chances in particular men†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ? Is it to be read, for example, as a truth for all time or as Hamlet’s point of view and, therefore, open to question? Entry 7 - Act I scenes iv and v John Dover Wilson writes, â€Å"The first act is a little play in itself, and the Ghost the hero of it; 550 out of 850 lines are concerned with him†¦The Ghost is the linchpin of Hamlet; remove it and the play falls to pieces.† Consider what part the Ghost plays in Act I in the construction of the plot (i.e. what is his purpose and contribution?): before Hamlet’s first appearance (in I.i) in the scene with Hamlet, Horatio, Marcellus, and Barnardo (I.ii.165-275) in the scenes between Hamlet and the Ghost (I.iv.42-96; I.v.1-115). Entry 8 - Act I scenes iv and v Reread the exchange between Hamlet and the Ghost (I.v.1-115). What does the Ghost’s reply to Hamlet’s comment, â€Å"Speak. I am bound to hear† (I.v.11) imply about the Ghost’s attitude to revenge and his conception of Hamlet’s duty? 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Social Prejudice In Schools Essay Example For Students

Social Prejudice In Schools Essay Children from middle-class families generally are more successful in public schools than children from low-income families. Is the school system responsible for this problem, or is lower performance among low-income children a result of their home environment? The home environment has a big role in a child’s education and if it is not supportive of the school environment, the student will not be as successful in school as the child whose home environment is supportive of the school’s learning environment will. The typical public school teacher is a middle-class white female. The typical curricula, tests, and learning tools used in public schools were created by middle-class educators and are geared toward the needs of middle-class children. The middle-class teacher may not be able to communicate as well with the lower-class student as she could with a middle class student. A poor minority student may have trouble understanding English if English is not his/her first language or if English is not spoken in his/her home, and the teacher may have trouble understanding his/her broken English. Different social classes also use different slang and voice inflections, and have ways of speaking that contain â€Å"hidden meanings†. So the â€Å"language† a lower-class student uses at home may cause him to have trouble communicating with his middle-class teacher and classmates. In his book, Ain’t No Makin’ It, Jay MacLeod tells how a group of poor students in a particular school were able to relate to a teacher (Jimmy Sullivan) who spoke their â€Å"language.† â€Å" ‘It was cool, cuz like you walk in there†¦you talk to Jimmy, and you know Jimmy’s real cool,’ † said one of his students. Related to this â€Å"language barrier† that exists between low and middle social classes are behavior differences which affect teachers’ perceptions and expectations of students. Poor and minority students are more likely to be placed in low tracks (Oakes, 64) than middle-class children, probably because teachers misinterpret certain students’ abilities. J. Oakes suggests that one of the reasons this happens is because of the existence of a â€Å"hidden curriculum†, one in which teachers’ expectations and judgments are based on subtle behavior traits that are a part of each student’s home life and are brought to the classroom. Many students in lower tracks are placed there because of, according to Oakes, â€Å"misbehavior and nonconformity† which teachers associate with slowness (91). So do teachers assume that poor and minority students are misbehaved and non-conforming? In Ain’t No Makin’ It, MacLeod told us that the à ¢â‚¬Å"Hallway Hangers† (low-income â€Å"problem† students who would not behave or conform in school) responded better to the teacher (Jimmy Sullivan) that they identified as being a part of their same social class. The Hallway Hangers respected their teacher because he was raised in the projects where the students now live, he talked the way they did; he was tough and stubborn just like they were. The other (middle-class) teachers were found by the Hallway Hangers to be â€Å"condescending† and â€Å"pussies† that â€Å" ‘don’t know how to deal with us kids’ † (MacLeod, 108-109). Clearly, a teacher who understood their â€Å"language† and behavior and identified with their social background was able to communicate with them and help them at least to stay in school. Teachers who couldn’t relate to lower-class students weren’t respected by those students. In their book, Social Foundations of Educational Decisi ons, Fischer and Thomas state that distinctive things about a subculture (including language and behavior) have a definite influence on a child’s learning style (26-27) and that â€Å"informal education†Ã¢â‚¬â€which occurs outside of a formal school setting (mostly in the home) and is different in every family and subculture—causes differences in the way children learn (34). In their essay â€Å"Social Class and Education,† Brookover and Gottlieb refer to studies done by sociologists and educators that indicate that â€Å"eventual expression of talent† (Chilcott, 264) is affected by the ways parents rear their children, and that the expectations and attitudes of parents affect their children’s achievements in school. Researchers found that more middle-class parents have higher expectations and goals for their kids than parents of lower-class children, and that children from higher class families typically have higher IQs, GPAs, and test sco res than kids from lower-class families (Chilcott, 264-65). Higher-class kids also are more often found in high academic tracks than lower-class kids are (Oakes, 64-65; Spring, 83). MacLeod pointed out that the reason many parents of lower-class kids don’t set high educational goals for their children is because they don’t want their kids to be disappointed if they don’t achieve those goals (it is assumed by the parents that the kids probably can’t reach high goals). .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902 , .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902 .postImageUrl , .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902 , .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902:hover , .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902:visited , .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902:active { border:0!important; } .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902:active , .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902 .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub4623fbb4a7ae42bf1fd0ab6a594b902:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hot dog EssayIn other low-class families, success in school is a priority and parents encourage their kids to work hard, but lack the knowledge, experience, finances, and â€Å"connections† necessary to actually help their children move up in the world. For instance, a middle-class father who is an environmental engineer with a college degree in environmental science can help his daughter with her science classes and science projects. He probably can afford to buy her books, magazines, and other resources (in addition to the ones her school supplies) that will help her learn more about that area of study. If she decides she would like to pursue a college education i n this field, her father can help her get there because he’s done it already and can guide her through applying to colleges and other steps toward the attainment of her goal. He also has professional connections and can help her get a job once she graduates. A low-income, working class father who is a janitor probably cannot help his son succeed in science to the same extent that the middle-class girl succeeded. This father does not have or have access to the same resources that the middle-class father has. No matter how much he encourages his son to do well, he cannot offer the same advantages that the middle-class family can. Poor families typically lack educational tools and intellectual stimuli in the home (computers, books/magazines, etc.) (Spring, 82). In Ain’t No Makin’ It, MacLeod gave us an example of the parents who couldn’t offer their kids much more than encouragement: the â€Å"Brothers† had high goals and worked hard, but in almost ev ery case failed to reach their goals. The parents’ expectations were in place, but they weren’t enough. Low-income parents are a product of the same â€Å"sorting machine† (the public school system) (Oakes, 75, quoting MacLeod) that their children are now experiencing, so they don’t have the skills necessary to teach their children differently than they were taught. Some educators think that teaching parents how to help their children learn would be a big step toward overcoming social-class barriers in education (Spring, 102). Because different types of skills are often taught in different levels of tracking, the people in lower tracks (a majority of which are low-income students) were taught to behave, cooperate with others, follow instructions, and were prepared for working class jobs. Now these students are parents who have high goals for their kids, but their own educational experience has not provided them with the skills necessary to help their kids succeed in the next generation. They probably won’t know how to advise their children of practical steps to take toward reaching a high goal: they’ve never been there themselves. Middle-class parents, having been taught the skills necessary to succeed in the professional workplace, can help their children attain the same level of success. These parents know definite steps of action their kids can take that will lead to the same success the parents have experienced. Parents in both classes have been socialized to stay in the social class they were born into, and they pass this same culture on to their children. One way to change this pattern of social reproduction would be to reform tracking programs. The same types of skills should be taught in low tracks that are currently being taught in higher-level tracks: independence, critical thinking skills, creativity, etc. instead of cooperation, conformity, and obeying instructions. There are other factors related to the home environment that affect performance in school; these include alcoholism and drug use, teenage pregnancy among non-married women, and single working mothers’ absence from the home. These problems are more often found in lower-class homes than in higher-class homes. Schools are not equipped to deal with these types of problems. So is it fair to criticize schools for the difference in educational attainment between middle- and low-class children? The home environment should carry most of the blame for the lack of success among low-class students of this generation, but schools can help the next generation of lower-class students to overcome class barriers by understanding and attempting to find solutions to some of the problems that currently exist. Schools can change the tracking system to teach the same types of skills in all levels of tracking, and they can teach educators about cultural differences and how to respond to them. Some s chools have found ways to deal with cultural differences, such as the way Lincoln High School dealt with the Hallway Hangers in MacLeod’s book. A teacher was found that could relate to the Hallway Hangers’ subculture, and he was able to at least keep them in school. The school was not successful, however, in giving the Hallway Hangers the same high level of education being taught in other tracks. And that was the fault of the students and the family environment/peer group in which they lived. What schools cannot change is the fact the every family has a unique set of values, beliefs, traditions, and ways of rearing children. Ultimately, the home environment has a greater impact on children than any other social institution, and if the culture being taught in schools is different than the culture that is being taught in the home, children’s education will suffer. Education

Will HST really strengthen the BC Economy

Pompeii is famous as a Roman town yet it owes much to the influence of other civilisations Essays

Pompeii is famous as a Roman town yet it owes much to the influence of other civilisations Essays Pompeii is famous as a Roman town yet it owes much to the influence of other civilisations Paper Pompeii is famous as a Roman town yet it owes much to the influence of other civilisations Paper The fame and prosperity of Pompeii may be largely credited to the influence which the Romans had over it, by first making it an ally of theirs in 290BC and then a colony of their empire in 90BC. However, before the Romans had arrived in Pompeii it had been occupied by several other inhabitants, namely the Oscans, Greeks, Etruscans and the Samnites. By analysing what each of these civilisations contributed to the development of the city in comparison to Rome itself, I will be able to determine whether this is a fair assessment of Pompeii’s development. The Oscans were the first people to inhabit Pompeii, but the people themselves we know very little about. They created the first town between 800 and 750BC in regions VII and VIII; this was going to be the basis for all the other inhabitants to come. The site was chosen for settlement as it was in a good defensive position, due to being situated on a mountainside; the River Sarno allowed large ships to sail up it making it easy to trade as well as benefiting agriculturalists as the river was also used to water the fields and drain them. The Oscans made a wise decision choosing Pompeii as a place for settlement as it had many advantages but where there is prey, there are predators! The next residents of Pompeii were the Greeks, but the Oscans did leave some things behind, such as their language which continued to be used right up until 80BC, a name for the city, which never changed and the basic town. The Oscans definitely helped in the development of Pompeii and the Romans do owe much to their influence, as without them the town may have ceased to exist. The Greeks were the first to capture Pompeii and decided to keep the original name; this indicated that already Pompeii was a large, established and a well-know town. Many people would say that the Greeks had the largest influence over Pompeii as a city because they left many wonderful buildings and enlarged the town quite substantially. The Greeks took great advantage of the wealthy land by using the harbour as a base for trade and building a Doric temple for Apollo. Greek influence and colonisation spread right over to Southern Italy and Sicily. But the Greeks did not have it easy. Soon the Etruscans, from the North of Rome, became jealous of their success in Campania and occupied the town during 524 and 424BC, but left no trace of any major building works. To end this intervention in 474BC there was a Greek naval victory that won them back Pompeii for another 50 years. However the Etruscans caused Pompeii a lot of damage, leaving the Greeks with restoration work to do. The Greeks rebuilt temples; fortified the town, in case of another attack; and expanded the town. The Greeks were also to thank for the famous town planner Hippodamus of Miletus who designed the layout for the rest of Pompeii, making it a regular geometric grid. But towards the end of the 5th century BC the Osco-Greek town was invaded and conquered by a stronger race of people, the Samnites. The Greeks left Pompeii with a much larger and more cultured town for the Samnites to take over. The Samnites were mountain dwellers from the Apennines (also known as the spine of Italy), they later became better known as the Campanis. The only major change the Samnites made to the already well-developed town was the replacement of the walls with stronger fortification. In addition they expanded the town and built blocks of houses. The Samnite control did not last long; however, as a result of the Samnite Wars (343-290VC, between Roman and the Samnites) the Roman themselves came to Campania. The Samnites did not leave much behind that helped with the development of Pompeii, so not much is owed to the Samnites when it comes to its influence on the town. The Romans captured Pompeii during the second Samnite War in the 4th century BC. After a failed attempt to gain control of Pompeii in 310BBC, when the Pompeians drove the Romans away, they eventually took over twenty years later when Pompeii’s people gave in. Later between 260-146BC the Punic Wars took place between Carthage and Rome, unlike the other Campanian towns, Pompeii stayed loyal to Rome as its leader. In 146BC Rome won and destroyed Carthage, these wars led to Pompeii expanding in an eastern direction. However in the following period, the need for housing reduced in Pompeii; this was because of the newly built city. Nuceria, built to the south east of Pompeii, consequently, all new housing was reduced to rubble and turned over for agricultural use. But Pompeii, as an ally of Rome, experienced one of the most flourishing periods of history in the last decades of the 2nd century BC. This was because trade was growing, particularly in the east due to Rome’s new allies, and the ruling class of Pompeii ( already benefiting from the vast agricultural estates) continued to get richer from the increase in trading. Nearing the end of the 2nd century a large renovation programme was undertaken in Pompeii, many more luxurious buildings were built. The renovation programme saw the constructions of two forums, the Temple of Jupiter, macellum, basillica, an open air theatre and a large portico connected to a smaller theatre. Pompeii was really raking in the benefits of being an ally of Rome. Although Pompeii was an ally of Rome, during the Punic Wars relations weren’t always friendly. In March 90BC Pompeii joined the rebels in a civil war to try and gain Roman citizenship, but they failed as Rome gradually gained the upper hand by having the best generals. Shortly after Herculaneum, a near by town in Campania, sufferend the same fate. After this rebellion, Pompeii lost many of its rights, such as self-government, also a Roman general forced a military colony on the Pompeians called the Cornelia Veneria Colony. The colonies were used to stamp out trouble and spread Roman influence. However there were benefits to having a Romanised Pompeii as it was mostly the wealthy Roman men with business experience who had settled in Pompeii, so they begun to take on the running of the town. As changes in Rome took place, the same happened to Pompeii, 27BC saw the rise of Emperor Augustus who was in power for around forty years. To make his mark on society a new building programme was enthralled in which a temple dedicated to Fortuna Augusta and an aqueduct was built. Pompeii owed a lot to the Romans as they developed the town an immense amount as well as expanding it. Not all is owed to the influence of other civilisations; the Romans did play a large part. I think Pompeii was perceived as a Roman town because it was publicised as a Roman town especially during its five years of trading. This may account for this prejudice of viewing Pompeii like this and proves that Pompeii owes much to other civilisations and not just Rome. Another reason may be that most of the Pompeii remains were actually Roman so this may have given the impression of Pompeii as a Roman-dominant town but it really was multicultural. Overall, I think Pompeii positively owes much to other civilisations even though the Romans overshadowed the developments of other civilisations due to their power and knowledge of utilising the town. Therefore, to say that Pompeii owes a lot to the influence of other civilisations is a very fair assessment, as although the town may be known as Roman, without the Oscans it may cease to exist and without the Greeks the town may not have become as cultured. I do not believe there is a particular civilisation that is owed the most because they all gave something towards the making of Pompeii.

ALQAIDA TERRORIST ATTACK ON NEW YORK CITYS TIMES SQUARE DURING THE Essay

ALQAIDA TERRORIST ATTACK ON NEW YORK CITYS TIMES SQUARE DURING THE ANNUAL NEW YEARS EVE CELEBRATION USING CONCEALED IMPOVISED SPRAYING DEVICES TO DELIVER AN - Essay Example This forms the backdrop for this paper, which weighs the pros and cons on whether the al Qaeda has the motivation and capability to develop and use bio-weapons to carry out its mission of terror. A significant portion of the paper builds up the view that there is such an inclination, and that the likeliest targets are major US cities. The strongest candidate may be New York City, the possible terror attack to coincide with the traditional celebration of New Year's Eve. Part of the reasons is that in all the post-9/11 celebrations, the hundreds of thousands of Americans who joined the revelry came to challenge the terrorists to do their worst, invoking their sense of patriotism and hatred for terrorism. This constitutes a temptation that terrorists may not be able to resist. The most important section of the paper then sketches the possible actions that New York City and the federal government would take if and when such a bio-terror attack takes place. It also evaluates the wisdom and sufficiency of the preventive measures that the city and federal governments were compelled to undertake in the aftermath of 9/11 and the 2001 anthrax scare. Among the questions we want to address is the preparedness and capabilities of the city and federal health systems to deal with a large-scale bio-chemical attack, which represents the new threat to world peace and security that the world's health and defense systems have little familiarity as yet. Can the authorities act with efficiency and dispatch to minimize the loss of lives and confine the damageChapter 2 - Biochemical Weapons Biochemical weapons appeal to terrorists for three reasons: 1) they are easier and cheaper to acquire than nuclear devices and cause more casualties; 2) their effects on target population are hard to detect and counter; and 3) the threat of their use causes fear, which element the terrorists love most. The use of bio-weapons actually goes back to the siege

Mobile Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mobile Marketing - Essay Example Therefore, the marketers of today should have a hawks eye on any new marketing trends and issues so that they can be adopted and addressed respectively and so that they benefit the marketing activities of the product to the maximum possible. The current issues in marketing are those which have not been that prevalent/popular or even existent a year ago, and this is where the need for spotlight on them arises. Marketers in the making need to have a close look at these current issues so that they can incorporate them in their marketing practices when they step into the practical life. Not just those in the making, but it is essential for current established marketers to be flexible for these current issues so as to provide the best marketing services to the product or company. When the mobile phone was initially invented, it was done so for the purpose of wireless communication and was used specifically for emergencies or when someone had to travel. But with the passage of time, dependence on the mobile phone has increased as this little device has become more than just a means of communication for emergency purposes. The mobile phone has become a very interactive medium, with the invention of other services like SMS (Short Message Service), MMS (Multimedia Message Service) and GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). These services have increased the attractiveness of this little piece of phone and opened many horizons and opportunities for marketers. This can be said because the mobile phone is a device which is present with the owner 24/7. It is not a television, which is seen only when time is available or the newspaper, which is read once its got hold of. It is the mobile phone, which is individually owned by every single person and they keep it. Therefo re, access is unlimited and the user is bound to go through any SMS or mms that hits their cell phone, thereby increasing the chances of attention that a particular marketing attempt will get in the eyes of the target audience. (Salter, 2007) With passing time, the popularity of the mobile phone marketing is ever increasing and this rate is not getting stagnant. In the year 2008 only, it has been reported that over 89% of businesses will be considering marketing through using the mobile phone. At times, the issue in this type of marketing often gets raised that the users of mobile phones are bombarded with unwanted advertisements and marketing efforts, something that stands as a boulder to the important messages that they might be waiting for. It was even regarded as "spam", a term popularly known for email, but can be used when the customers are abused by unwanted content in any other media as well. But in some parts of the world, mobile marketing through using the SMS facility has been made a legal act to do, and therefore, this increases the opportunities for all marketers as they can now reach their optimal potential in marketing without worrying about harming laws. (Goswami, 2008) Mobile marketing can take many forms: they can be done through MMS, through sponsoring the

Does age matter in reltionships Essay Example for Free

Does age matter in reltionships Essay Relationships shape our lives. People can fall in love without considering nothing at that time. When it comes to the age, sometimes no matter for them how old or how young the partners are. Even if they do not consider about the age, but society criticizes and judges easily. As long as the partners satisfy and bless each other who cares about the age except our society. Mi (2011) explains When it comes to love age is just a number. Many couples who have a large age difference, they are so happy with their relationships(para. 6). Age may cause problems for a lot of people in their relationships sometimes not. However, our society affects most of the time. If older women date with younger   men, the women will be frowned directly in our society. According to Mastery (2013) No matter how common it may already sound, dating scenarios such as; older women dating with younger men are still frowned upon by society. People have heard whining from their family. For example; you cannot date with him, he is too old or too young and if people date with young or old people then everybody says about them. It really influences you and makes you guilty however there is nothing wrong to worry. Curley (2013) says What matters love is love, no matter what age or circumstance with more love in your life, there will be more life in your love.. For example; if people have young partner, they can take care of each other better than having old partner. If you have same age partners then partners will definitely need help because they will not be as energetic as before. For example; if you have young partner, he or she can take care of you better than having old partner. If you have same age partner you and your partner will definitely need help because you and your partner will not be as energetic as before. In conclusion, many people might think the different ages cause so many problems in their relationships. I agree, it might be true, but problem is everywhere in relationships does not matter about age even though people are in the same age still they will have different problems. As long as people are happy with their relationships, there is no necessary to say anything. Schilling (2007) explains When it comes to love, age is just a number

Reflective Research Paper -- Essays Papers

Reflective Research Paper Gender biases are a problem in many schools and gender equity has been used to help remove those biases. Equity refers to having equal expectations and treating students of different sexes and cultural backgrounds equally. Gender biases have been a problem in education for years. In the past boys and girls have had different expectations when it comes to education. Boys have generally been taught to take leadership roles and girls to take more passive roles. In recent years gender equity has helped remove gender biases from the classroom, giving boys and girls a more equal type of education. In 1972 Congress passed Title IX, which forbids any type of gender discrimination in an educational setting that is receiving federal financing (Ryan & Cooper, 2000). Educators David and Myra Sadker say boys and girls have very different educations even though they use the same textbooks, sit in the same classrooms, and have the same teachers (Weiss, 2001). Unfortunately gender biases still exist in classrooms and boys seem to benefit from them more than girls. The Sadker’s research shows that teachers tend to call on boys more than girls. They say this is because boys are more assertive and demand more attention by speaking out of turn to the teacher (Weiss, 2001). When girls call out answers it is shown teachers are more likely to point out their inappropriate behavior and not answer them, where boys generally do not get redirected and get better feedback from the teachers than girls do. Boys may also tend to have more interactions with teachers than girls and are more likely to dominate the classroom (Ryan & Cooper, 2000). Teachers have also been shown to praise boys for doing we... ...Premier: EBSCOhost Item: 3588728 Callas, D. (1993). Differences in mathematics achievement between males and females. [Online]. Community College Review, 21 62-66. Article from MasterFILE Premier: EBSCOhost Item: 9410121136 Girls' math/science education. (1998). [Online]. Education Digest, 63, 42-47. Article from: MasterFILE Premier: EBSCOhost Item: 80903 Levi, L. (2000). Gender equity in mathematics education. [Online]. Teaching Children Mathematics, 7, 101-107. Article from: MasterFILE Premier: EBSCOhost Item: 3774258 Reys, R., E., Lindquist, M., M., Lambdin, D., V., Smith, N., L., & Suydam, M., N. (2001). Helping children learn mathematics. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Weiss, R., P. (2001). Gender-biased learning. [Online]. Training and Development, 55, 42-46. Article from: MasterFILE Premier: EBSCOhost Item: 3975000

The Law of E-Commerce

English law has long been recognized as respecting freedom of contract. In other words, the state has not, generally, laid down legislation which has interfered with the freedom of parties to agree the terms of their contracts. In more recent years, there have been a number of inroads into the principle of freedom of contract, particularly with respect to consumer protection. It very much remains the case that English law does provide parties with considerable flexibility both as how they conclude contracts and the terms that they include. Offer and acceptance In order for a contract to be binding under English law it requires an offer, acceptance, intention to create legal relations, consideration and capacity. With regard to electronic commerce, the contractual requirements need careful consideration. Offer A supplier offers an unconditional offer which could be accepted by any potential customer. If the customer informs the supplier that he or she accepts the offer ,there will be a binding contract. On the other hand, the supplier could provide to the customer what is known in legal terms as an â€Å"invitation to treat†. This is not a binding offer, but an â€Å"invitation† for the customer to make an offer, which the supplier can then accept. It is very important for suppliers wanting to sell goods through on line to ensure that their websites and other on line advertisements are interpreted as invitations to treat. If a supplier's website constituted a formal offer to provide certain services or goods, the supplier may be in breach of the local laws (both civil and criminal) if there are certain kind of customers who would not ordinarily be entitled to make the purchases which are being offered. For instances, the sale of alcoholic products to minors and guns or other weapons into all countries, when some countries restrict more carefully the circumstances in which guns or other weapon can be purchased. Acceptance English law is generally very flexible about how an offer can be accepted. Acceptance could be communicated by an acknowledgement (e.g. email) or by physical act such as the shipping of the goods. What is more uncertain under English law is when acceptance takes place – particularly in an Internet contract. The general rule is that an offer is not accepted until acceptance is communicated to the offeror. So far there is no case relating to this rule which applies to contracts made over the internet. But however, there is case law which applies to other instantaneous forms of communication, such as telexes and facsimiles, provided that such communications are sent during the business hours. With the global use of electronic trade, the question of when each business day begins may be difficult to determine – particularly when the customer cannot easily work out where the server accessed is based. The major exception to the general rule on acceptance concerns acceptance by post. In the majority of cases, acceptance takes place when the acceptance is posted and not when it is received by the offeror. The â€Å"postal† rule means that the contract will already have been made and the offeror will be bound to complete his obligations, provided that the other party can prove that the acceptance letter has been posted. In some ways, notwithstanding its instantaneous nature, acceptance by electronic means does have similarities to postal acceptance. A common carrier will assume the responsibility in transmitting the message (in this instance the carrier is the Internet Provider). With this kind of communication, it is not easy to determine the receipt with respect to email sent over the internet. What this means is that the sending party will not know when or if the acceptance has been received. Given the fact that it is not clear when acceptance of an offer will occur, any supplier should take care to consider how and when acceptance will take place. This has long been the principle adopted in EDI contracts, and those doing business on the Internet have to ensure that they do not leave anything out for questioning later in the contract. Any supplier should have no difficulty in exercising control over the manner in which the only contracting process is conducted. Unlike the Internet most real world contracts are formed on a person to person basis, either by a face to face conversation or verbally over the phone. By contrast, most Internet contracts are remotely made, impersonal and above all automated. If there is any ambiguity or uncertainty over the transaction but a more likely issue to whether there was a contract at all. Contract terms and liability English law gives the contracting parties the freedom to set many of the terms upon which they will contract the business. But this will be subjected to two areas where the law will imply terms. First, certain terms will be implied by statute. Secondly, the law will imply terms just to give â€Å"business efficiency† to a contract. This happens where either parties have forgotten to deal with an issue expressly in circumstances where they would have done so had they thought about the issue at the time f the contract was finalized. The main terms implied by statute in contracts to sell goods is the Sale of Goods Act 1979. This terms will imply to any contract that: * the goods will be of satisfactory quality; * where expressly or impliedly known by the supplier, the goods will be reasonably fit for the buyer's purposes; * where goods are sold by reference to a description, the goods will correspond to that description. This term is particularly important for internet sales where a buyer may make a purchase of certain goods having visited a supplier's website. If a supplier provides services, the implied term for the services will be that they will be dealt with â€Å"reasonable skill care†, and within a reasonable time frame (Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982). Under the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, these terms cannot be exempted in any circumstances with respect to consumers. Sometimes in the contract for a business, a supplier can exclude liability for breach of these implied terms where it is â€Å"reasonable† to do so. Not only the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 in which the implied terms under the Sale of Goods Act can be exempted, but the Act also imply other liability can be limited as far as the services concerned. The main provisions deal with: * liability for death and personal injury – this cannot be exempt under any circumstances; * liability in negligence other than for death and personal injury – this can be exempt where reasonable; * liability to a consumer – this can be exempt only where reasonable (except in the case of liability for breach of the terms implied under the Sale of Goods Act; * liability when dealing on the supplier's standard terms and conditions – a supplier can only be exempt liability to his customers where it is reasonable to do so; There are a number of matters with regard to the reasonableness that the court will take into account when questioning each case individually. The questions are undoubtedly related to the insurance carried by both parties; what other sources were open to customers; and whether the buyer knows or ought to know the exclusions and limitations clauses incorporated into the contract. If there are any ambiguities in the terms of the contract, the court will be in favour of the customer. And the supplier will be left to prove that his exclusions are to be reasonable with respect to doing the business. No doubt that many online contracts will incorporate standard terms and many sales will be directly to consumers, the Unfair Contract Terms Act will play a role in determining the exposure a supplier may face in providing the services or goods using the Internet as a communication mechanism. The UCTA will only be using the English law system for a contract of consumers if they are based in the UK and for a contract where there is a choice of law other than English law, when it is selected for the purposes (mainly or wholly) of trying to avoid the effect of UCTA. Apart from the Unfair Contract Terms Act, there is one exception with regard to the contracts conducted over the Internet. It concerns the international supply contracts where the offer and acceptance of the sale of goods take place in different countries or the goods are physically shipped from one jurisdiction to another. Many companies wishing to sell goods through the Internet could use this exception whereby the purchaser accesses the server to order goods from other location which is outside of the English jurisdiction. It should be realized that this exception can be applied even where the English law is governing law of contract. When a contract is considered to be an international one, the Unfair Contract Terms Act will not intervene and a supplier is free to limit or exclude his liability without having to look at the UCTA to see whether if it is reasonable to do so. Although it is likely to apply to sales to businesses only in the light of certain parallel consumer legislation – the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1994. In addition to UCTA, any supplier considering doing businesses over the Internet must also bear in mind the impact of the Regulations when dealing with the consumers. These Regulations incorporate into English law of the European Community Directive on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts, which provides the entire states of the European Union cases in which it is unfair to limit or to exclude certain rights of consumers by contract terms. If the terms of the contract is considered to be unfair, then it will be declared as void. Furthermore, the Regulations could assist the consumers if the consumers are asked to pay a penalty in the event they fail to complete their contractual obligations and when the supplier restrict the consumers' legal recourse in the event of a breach (for instance, by making the consumer go to arbitration). It is for this reason that it was suggested that the international supply contract with the exception in UCTA will only be of real benefit to those selling goods to businesses. Furthermore, there are also other helpful pieces of legislation which a consumer can depend on: * The Consumer Credit Act 1974 – if a customer has paid for the goods by credit card and the value of each item is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 or more then the credit card company assumes the same responsibilities as the supplier does and a consumer can make a complain to them. * The Misrepresentation Act 1967 – may give a customer the right to return goods and have his money back if he/she has been told something factual about them that made him/her decide to buy but which turns out to be untrue. * The Trades Description Act 1968 – if a seller makes a particularly gross misrepresentation about an article or if he or she is regularly misrepresenting the qualities of any goods then this may warrant a complaint to and investigation by Trading Standards who have the power to prosecute. * Misleading Prices Regulations – the law does not control prices as such but does requires that prices are accurately displayed or advertised. If a seller has incorrectly displayed a price a customer cannot force a sale at that price but it may warrant a complain to Trading Standards. So how can businesses conducting sales over the Internet protect themselves from the inevitability of pricing errors? Hence thousand of orders can be placed with online retailers before they can detect the problem. When the prices are incorrectly displayed and contracts are formed, the sellers are forced to choose between accepting that price as a financial loss in goodwill or trying to consider the contracts under the doctrine of unilateral mistake. Otherwise to avoid the contracts to be binding with customers with the incorrectly pricing, the sellers should employ protective methods of contract formation that assist them to prevent loss. The risks and costs of pricing errors Many online errors result from the fact of proofreading mistakes and software problems, but a lot of mistakes keep increasing because many sellers online tend to change their prices more often than normal and convenience high street stores [1]. Furthermore, online businesses execute sales automatically and therefore lose the added safety of having the human eye confirm the price. The Internet, with all the richness of information resources, can cause some harm. Many of the online shopping combine with chat rooms, emails and bulletin board which in turn can result in a flood of orders and thousands of sales being processed before the sellers is able to pinpoint and correct the mistake. For instance, in 2001, Kodak offered a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½329 digital camera for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 [2]. At the time the case was decided that Kodak's automatic confirmation email formed legally binding contracts [3], and in the end, the company was forced to honour the sales. The incident caused the company substantial losses of more than à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2 million [4]. Kodak argued that, if there was a contract formed, that contract could be void by reason of â€Å"mistake† (i.e. the price of the goods offered was so low that there was obviously a mistake). Kodak's refusal to fulfill orders was widely reported. The common law view was that Kodak would lose any actions brought against it because 1) its standard terms were unfair to the consumer; 2) a camera worth à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 being sold as a special offer for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 was not an obvious mistake; and 3) Kodak's reply not only to acknowledge the sale, but used the words â€Å"this contract†, Kodak forced to accept the orders. In another example involving Argos, a catalogue online retailer, who advertised a TV on its website for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.99, one one-hundredth of its normal price. Argos received orders worth over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 millions, none of which were acknowledged. Argos argued that there was no contract between the customers and itself, because Argos did not confirm any orders as far as the product concerned. The case was decided confidentially and it is believed that Argos did not fulfill the majority of those orders. The equitable doctrine of unilateral mistake When the online seller make honest and honourable mistake on pricing which result in big losses, their mistake could be considered based on the doctrine of unilateral mistake. What this means is that one party's mistake could make the contract voidable when the mistake concerns a basic assumption on which the contract was formed and has a material effect on the agreement that is adverse to that party [5]. Furthermore, the effected party must prove that: a) the mistake is such that enforcement would be unconscionable, or b) the other party had reason to know the mistake or should have known that the price was a mistake [6]. An unconscionable contract is defined as â€Å"no man in his senses, not under delusion, would make†¦.and which no fair and honest man would accept†¦.† [7]. The contract, if was formed, must cause hardship to the effected party [8]. In addition to this, the court would look to see whether the sale would cause the seller a big loss and not merely a diminished profit [9]. Alternatively, the online seller could also prove that the customers had reason to know or ought to know that the price was wrong [10]. â€Å"Reason to know† means that a person â€Å"has a duty to another† and â€Å"he would not be acting adequately in the protection of his own interests were he not acting with reference to the facts which he has reason to know† [11]. Rescinding the contract is the only remedy option under the unilateral mistake; it is not a basis for reformation [12]. It means that the seller cannot ask the customer to go ahead with the sale at the actual price. But instead, the seller must cancel all customer's order and re-offer the good at the actual price. However, after the re-offering the good the customer might not show any more interest in purchasing it. In some instances, the court might refuse to order rescission. The court will consider whether one party has so detrimentally relied on the contract it would be inequitable to order rescission [13], will be prejudiced by rescission [14], or cannot be returned to the status quo [15]. Furthermore, the court might refuse to rescind the contract when the mistake resulted from the seller's negligence or lack of due care [16]. Case of an e-seller policy Amazon.com provides an example of an online seller who has incorporated a policy into its website to deal with potential pricing mistakes. It provides a direct link to its pricing policy from its term of use. In its term, Amazon states that the price of any products is not confirmed till the customer completes the order. Additionally, Amazon further states that the items in the catalogue may be mispriced and the price will be verified before it's sent out. If the actual price is lower than the stated price, Amazon will charge the lower price and ship the good. On the other hand, if the actual price is higher, Amazon will either contact the customer or cancel the order and notify the customer of its cancellation. Despite all these precautions, however, Amazon has been involved in a number of argument concerning the incorrect pricing. Recently, in the UK Amazon made a mistake in advertising iPaq handheld computers priced at less than one fiftieth of the retail price. But fortunately, Amazon has managed to avoid big losses because its conditions of sale explicitly stated that the contract is not formed till the good was dispatched, giving Amazon the right to cancel most of the orders it has received. The contents of its conditions' statement were the same throughout. On the same token, in America, Amazon mistakenly put on sale a memory module priced at 10% less than the actual price and DVD's priced at 75% of their list price. Amazon in America emailed notices to customers, in according to their pricing policy, requesting if they could pay for the actual price of the products or cancel their order completely. Several customers filed complaints to the Federal Trade Commission and the Better Business Bureau. But it is not clear how these complaints have been resolved. Conclusion In short, to avoid losses caused by pricing errors, online seller can employ a few measures ensuring that his business is protected. One of the thing the seller should do is he should include the terms and conditions in the contract stating that he reserves the right to cancel orders and an explanation that the customer's order only constitutes an offer, which the seller can accept by charging the customer's credit card or by dispatching the good. In addition, the customer should be required to assent to those terms and conditions by clicking â€Å"I accept† during the checkout process. The English cases indicate that the terms of a contract are binding if a seller has made sufficient efforts to bring the terms to the attention of the buyer and if the parties agree to the terms. It is very important that the buyer who buy things online ought to see and accept the terms before an order is placed. However, the terms should allow the sellers to reject orders at any stage before dispatch. Any automatic response to an order ought to let the buyer know that a binding contract has not been entered into and the price is subject to change until it is shipped. Although these precautions has taken place, a seller online may still face potential litigation and consumer complaints, concerning any incorrect prices confirmed by auto-reply emails. The Internet is undoubtedly will grow in importance and it is no more than a tool of communication just like the telephone, telex or fax. Furthermore, electronic contract is becoming more common and right now a substantial percentage of both commerce and consumer contracts is concluded in cyberspace. Although e-commerce contracts suffer some problem, but they can be overcome by applying the three basic questions, when was the contract concluded? What are the terms of the contract? and where is the contract governed? These questions would help us to deal with any contract whether it is formed electronically or by more traditional means. â€Å"It is the moral equivalent of being given too much change in a supermarket and pocketing the money instead of handing it back† ( Bill Thompson, technology analyst).

Helping Student Use Textual Source Persuasively By...

Helping Student Use Textual Source Persuasively by Maragret Kantz, is a research about the mistakes most of us students make when researching for a paper. We need a theory-based explanation,one grounded in the findings of the published research on the nature and reasons for our students problems with writing persuasive researched papers. To understand how to teach students to write such papers, we also need a better understanding of the demands of synthesis tasks. Like most students like to state the facts given to us by published articles and not finding out the true facts of the research. In her research she introduced Shirley. A highly educated sophomore. She comes from an educated family with great reading and writing skills. Shirley wrote a research paper on the Battle of Agincourt. While she did her research and only wrote about the so called fact/truth, she did not receive the academic grade she thought she would since her facts were there. She then presented her concern with her friend Alice. While Shirley defended her sources Alice states You re dealing with facts, so there aren t too many choices. If you want to say something original you either have to talk about the sources or talk about the material... This would keep Shirley narrative structure of her research paper but also give her an argument and purpose. There are three causes Kantz states 1) Many students like Shirley misunderstand sources because they read them as stories. 2) Many students