The Economic Collapse Of The 1930 S - 1438 Words

The 1930’s was an extremely difficult time for the United States. Our country was suffering from the giant economic collapse that was experienced in October 1929. This catastrophic event marked the beginning of the Great Depression. During the height of the Great Depression, President Theodore Roosevelt was elected. On March 4, 1933 he gave his inaugural address and made it clear that his main mission was to reverse this chaos that had ensued upon the nation. Roosevelt had promised to help solve the country’s problems and his promises were soon labeled â€Å"The New Deal†. This deal was actually a series of bills and reforms to help pull our nation out of the slump that it was in. This was the first time that the American government used†¦show more content†¦On March 9th 1933, Congress signed and passed the Roosevelt Emergency Banking Act. This bill called for the banks who would not be able to recover and sustain to be shut down. For the others, a massi ve facelift in the terms of reorganization. In Theodore Roosevelt’s very first fireside chat, he told the American people that it was safe to use the banks again. In fact, he encouraged the public to put their money back into the banks. By the end of March 1933, more than 75% of the banks were back up and running, which speaks volumes about this individual reforms success. This was great for the future of the country, which made so many Americans happy, but it did absolutely nothing for the thousands of families who had already had their entire life savings robbed from them. In addition, once Roosevelt assisted in getting the bank situation under control, he then turned the governments focus on ratifying the 21st amendment. The 21st amendment was created to repeal the 18th amendment, which was the prohibition of alcohol. By doing this, Roosevelt created a huge stimulation in the economy. Many Americans rejoiced in their born again freedom of drinking alcohol, legally. On the other hand, many Americans felt that alcohol was nothing but trouble and they did not support what Roosevelt was pushing to do. By making alcohol legal again, it

A Research Study On Diabetes Essay - 1758 Words

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease that affects approximately 1.7 million Australians (Diabetes Australia, 2015). It affects the entire body and can have a significant impact on life (Diabetes Australia, 2015). Complications of diabetes such as hyperglycaemic emergencies, present to the emergency department on a weekly basis (Donahey Folse, 2012). The most prominent being diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (Donahey Folse, 2012). Hospitals within Sydney Local Health District (SLHD) have customised practice guidelines for the management of adults presenting with DKA. The aim of this paper is to review the evidence on the management of DKA and to determine if it replicates the current objectives of the guidelines being used. Two hospital guidelines for DKA management currently being used by SLHD are from Liverpool Hospital and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. They were analysed and both present objectives of their guidelines to be aimed at correcting acidosis, replacing fluid deficits, reversal of insulin deficiency and the correction of electrolyte imbalances (Liverpool Hospital 2015 and Hayman Bein 2013). A literature search was undertaken on a range of databases including CINAHL, Medline, PubMed and Google Scholar. The key terms used were â€Å"diabetic ketoacidosis†, â€Å"adult†, â€Å"emergency care† and â€Å"nursing†. Limits were placed on the year published, ward based management was excluded and searches were restricted to the English language. The search yielded moderate resultsShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Diabetes1304 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes is chronic long term group of health condition with high level of blood sugar which can lead to serious health c onsequences. Basically diabetes is a disorder of glucose metabolism. Insulin is a hormone that plays major role in glucose metabolism. Food contains carbohydrates which metabolize into glucose and with help of insulin glucose enters into cells. There are two main types of diabetes. When an individual’s body is unable to make enough insulin or body is unable to use its own insulinRead MoreA Research Study On Juvenile Diabetes1243 Words   |  5 Pagesobservations were made as the school nurse cared for elementary students. This paper will analyze a chronic illness that was encountered on the day of care. Juvenile Diabetes Experiencing juvenile diabetes through the eyes of a school nurse has enabled me to identify how this disease affects our youth. According to Medscape, Juvenile Diabetes is a condition that prevents the pancreas from production of insulin due to the â€Å"autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas†. This can all be overwhelmingRead MoreA Research Study On Pediatric Diabetes Service3169 Words   |  13 PagesThis case study focuses on a 15 year old female patient who for the purpose of this paper will be called Layla. Layla has got Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and is categorised as obese; she is seen within the Burton Hospital Paediatric Diabetes Service (BHPDS). Layla was admitted into hospital in June 2014 with severe hypoglycaemia of an unknown cause. Layla agreed to be a case study in front of a senior member of staff and both of her grandparents, who are her legal guardians. Layla was chosen as a caseRead MoreA Research Study On The American Diabetes Association ( Ada ) Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowing current of opinion that no single hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) target is appropriate for all patients. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) suggests a fundamentally patient-centered approach to determine an individual’s HbA1c target. However, the ADA also recommends a HbA1c target level of less than 7% for the majority of patients [6]. Sample Two-phases observational descriptive study. In the quantitative phase we conducted a cross-sectional survey of a sample of 380 healthcare professionals (generalRead MoreA Research Study On Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ( Gdm ) Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Follow-Up of Gestational Mellitus in an Urban Safety Net Hospital† Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of high blood sugar that affects pregnant women. It is called GDM in women who have never had high blood glucose readings until pregnancy. This type of diabetes usually develops around the 24th or 25th week of gestation. GDM occurs when the body is not able to make enough insulin or use the insulin that is made for its increased needs during pregnancy. GDM not only causes complicationsRead MoreEvaluation Of A Research Study On Diabetes Incidence And Establishing Causal Relationship From Exposure Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesThe research objective was explicit and includes a clear description of the population studied as well as the intervention and outcome of interest. In addition, the VIP had a large sample size with a high response rate; the intervention was representative of the study population and sufficient to answer the research question of this study. Also, the authors clearly described variables, measures and the process of da ta analysis. The study is a prospective cohort design which is appropriate for documentingRead MoreDiabetes : The Growth Of Knowledge On Diabetes1018 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes The research focused on explaining the meaning of diabetes and how literary some concepts can be used to control the situation. Diabetes is a defect in the body that results from the inability to convert glucose to energy. In the medical terms, glucose is the primary source of energy that enables the body to execute its functions effectively. The types of foods that affect the blood sugars are called carbohydrates. We can find carbohydrates in foods such as potatoes, corn, fruit, rice andRead MoreThe Effects Of Socioeconomic Disparities On The Incidence And Care Of Diabetes1531 Words   |  7 Pages The study examined the effect of socioeconomic disparities on the incidence and care of diabetes in a country with a universal health care system. The authors claimed that poverty plays a large role in increasing diabetes incidence among poor citizens in Taiwan. The authors claimed that the disparities may lead to delayed care and worsening of complications related to diabetes. Therefore, it is important to identify and resolve those disparities. The study adopted a quantitative research designRead MoreWhat Factors Are Involved in the Increasing Prevalence of Type II Diabetes in Adolescents living in Sub-Saharan Africa?1279 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasing prevalence of type II diabetes mellitus in the sub-Saharan region of Africa. - Identify the risk factors for having the disease early in life. OBJECTIVES - Assessment of the extent of the problem posed by type II diabetes. - Estimating the prevalence of type II diabetes among adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa. - Identifying possible risk factors. - Making evidence based conclusions and recommendations for practice or further research. INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is a deadly disease inRead MorePurpose Of A Nursing Research Study1646 Words   |  7 Pages This can be done by the research. The nursing research study has a tremendous influence on current and future professional nursing practice, thus rendering it an essential component of the educational process. The purpose of a nursing research study is to collect the information where the result may identify a solution to a problem. As a result, the research study would play a vital role in the nursing profession. Basically, there are two main types of research studies: quantitative and qualitative

Global Management John Lewis

Question: Using information found in at least two interviews with John Lewis Chairman Sir Charlie Mayfield, describe the leadership characteristics of Sir Charlie using one of the models below (remember to support your answer with evidence): Servant Transformational Charismatic Authentic Authoritarian Democratic Laissez-faire Describe the trading performance measures (KPIs) that John Lewis use to measure their annual performance, and suggest two improvements that could be made. Using the Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility describe and evaluate John Lewiss approach to Corporate Social responsibility John Lewis says Our Partnership model gives us our distinctive culture. This, combined with the efforts of our Partners, gives us our competitive advantage.Explain how the John Lewis employee partnership model couldgive John Lewis competitive advantage. Answer: Executive Summary In this report, the case of a leading department store chain, John Lewis is discussed. According to the opinion of its managing director Andy Street, that the companys sales performance saw increase to a greater extend especially in the Christmas season. The success of the business can be due to the many contributing factors. One of which is the democratic leadership style followed by John Lewis, in which the employee partnership model is followed. Another aspect of success is the effective Corporate Social Responsibility showed by the company towards the society. Evaluation of its trade performance with the support of KPIs is also a major factor for John Lewis to enable more expansion in the international market. Introduction John Lewis is one of the leading department stores in UK. The store saw a drastic improvement in its business performance in the recent period, especially the Christmas sales contributed to an increase up to 734m in five weeks. According to the managing director., Andy Street, company is planning to expand to more branches in the international market and estimates to open 65 stored by 2023. The success of the store is mainly due to the employee partnership model, the pyramid corporate social responsibility model followed by John Lewis and the suitable KPI used by the company to measure to measure its trade performance. All these aspects are discussed in this report. The leadership characteristics John Lewis is one of the successful department store chains in UK and the company tries o double its size including the launch of a French website and the overseas operations. The secret behind John Lewiss success is the impact of its effectual partnership model as well as the leadership style that the company implements. The employees are performing in a most efficient manner in this department store which results in the increases in its sales by 6.9pc to 734m in the five weeks in December month, during the festive season of Christmas. The partnership model of this department store is that it is owned and run by the staffs. The success of an employee owned business is that it follows a democratic leadership style (Gosenpud, Vanevenhoven, 2011). In John Lewis, employees are given more role in the decision making process as seen as one of the traits of the democratic leadership. There involves more participation by the employees in John Lewis and there is one of the reason that the employees in John Lewis finds more motivated towards their work and this leads to the higher productivity on the work performance of the staffs. This can be taken as one of the reason for the success of this departmental store. The contribution to the business scenarios will be increased when a democratic leadership is followed. Group of employees are encouraged to share their opinions and ideas to the company in such leadership styles. Moreover, it is also evident that John Lewis gives more attention in maintaining employee relationship. For instance, the company plans to keep a celebratory event for staff as a part of its ce lebrations for its 150th anniversary. This shows that in following a democratic leadership, the company also encourages the creativity of employees, which ultimately results in higher business success, which John Lewis has attained over years. Trading performance measures (KPIs) It is noted that the trading performance of John Lewis has been improving from that of the previous years. The company sees a steady uplift in its trading and then plateaus. Though the peak in the trading performance has been late, it contributed to a higher performance level to the department store. The growth in its trading performance has made John Lewis to start several new projects. In fact, the company plans to start new stores outside UK within the next decade. The growth plan involves the strategy of doubling the size of the company. These growth plans in the trading performance has been strategized using trading performance indicators, which the Key Performance measures. Using the KPI, the department store will be able to know the level of success of its business operations and also whether there is any improvements needed in any of the business areas. Primarily, KPI helps in utilizing the market opportunities as well as in mitigating the risks. The business objectives can be bettered only knowing the current business information. It is this Key performance measures that supports John Lewis to know whether the expansion and growth plan is viable and double the size and expanding to international operations can bring in the desired results. The KPIs gives the estimation about the level of growth possibility. By applying KPIs, the CEO of John Lewis, Mr. Street, comes to an estimation that by 2023, John Lewis is likely to have 65 stores opened across the globe when compared to the 40 stores that it currently have along with an increase in the annual revenue from around 4bn at present to 7bn. Thus performance measures are of two types. One is measuring the ratios of return to risk. The return from an investment and its risk is measured in this performance measure. The second type is the -adjusted return of an asset, where the predetermined standard or estimation is compares with the actual return on investment (Nickels, McHugh, McHugh, 2011). Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility is founded by Carroll (1991). According to Carroll, there are four layers of Corporate Social Responsibilities which is depicted in a pyramid model. There are four types of responsibilities as per this model. They are the economical, legal , ethical and philanthropic responsibilities, which form the four layers of this pyramid model. The economic responsibilitiesof a company is to enhance its sales and reduce the costs incurred. This also involves the effective strategic formulation. Looking at the instance of the department store, John Lewis, the company fulfills its economic responsibilities from an increased sales volume during the Christmas season in which John Lewis outperformed in the market and generated sales over 35m. The legal responsibilities of the company are also one of the companys contribution towards the society in which the company is expected to adhere the laws and regulations of the country. Even in the mode of expansion to other countries as planned by John Lewis to expand its stores outside UK, the company will have to ensure that it strictly obey the laws and regulations of other countries as a part of its CSR policy (Hengliang, Weiwei 2012). Ethical responsibility is not a mandatory aspect for a company, but it is needed and expected by the society. The company has to follow the ethical means of conducting its business so that the trust on customers and brand image of the company can be improved. The philanthrophic responsibilities include comes in the top most position in the pyramid. According to Carroll, this responsibility of the company is to improve the quality of life of the people in the society, by providing programs and encouraging the people to volunteer. In this case, as a part of the celebrations of the 150th anniversary, John Lewis conduct a celebratory event for staff and a one-off event for customers. Also, the company enables a best pension program all over UK, in which the Final salary, non-contributory, accrual rates best in the market. Also, Mr.Street argues that the corporate governance of the company is different from other corporate as the companys operations are transparent and communicated to the people. There is nothing to hide from the people, which show John Lewis having a good corporate social responsibility towards its society (Carroll, Buchholtz, 2014). John Lewis employee partnership model One of the main critical success factors of John Lewis is that the company follows the employee partnership model. The outperformance of the company in the Christmas days, increase in the sales volume by 6.9pc to 734m, the growth plans of the company including the launch of a French website, expanding its operations outside UK etc all are the impacts of the effective employee partnership model. When employees are given the decision making power, they feel more motivated and committed towards the company (Welford, 2013). Thereby, the increased morale of the employees paved way to the higher performance level. As a result of this, the sales volume of the department store has increased. This enables the success of the business in an overall basis (Schaffer, Agusti, Dhooge, 2014). Conclusion To sum up, it is understood that the success fo every business is based on the vital aspects like its leadership style, employee relations, the corporate social responsibility shown by the company towards the society as well as the use of proper Key performance Indicators to measure its trade performance. With the effective use of all these elements, the company can achieve higher sales volume, profit margin, expansion possibilities will be achieved and good employee and customer relationship (Apte, Dietrich, Fleming, 2012). As seen in the case of John Lewis, the renowned department store chain was able to outperform in the market with the combination of implementing all these vital ingredients within the company. References Hengliang, W., Weiwei, Z. (2012). A Customer Churn Analysis Model in E-business Environment.International Journal,6(9), 296-302. ObradoviĆ¡, S., Fedajev, A., NikoliĆ¡, Ä . (2012). Analysis of business environment using the multi-criteria approach: Case of Balkan's transition economies.Serbian Journal of Management,7(1), 37-52. Gosenpud, J., Vanevenhoven, J. (2011). Using tools from strategic management to help micro-entrepreneurs in developing countries adapt to a dynamic and changing business environment.Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR),27(5), 1-14. Nickels, W. G., McHugh, J., McHugh, S. (2011).Understanding Business 9th ed. Irwin, McGraw-Hill New York. Carroll, A., Buchholtz, A. (2014).Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Cengage Learning. Schaffer, R., Agusti, F., Dhooge, L. (2014).International business law and its environment. Cengage Learning. Apte, C., Dietrich, B., Fleming, M. (2012). Business leadership through analytics.IBM Journal of Research and Development,56(6), 7-1. Welford, R. (Ed.). (2013).Hijacking environmentalism: Corporate responses to sustainable development. Routledge.

OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY Essays - Business, Software, Economy

OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY ILE-IFE, OSUN STATE. OSHO DAMILOLA LIVINGSTONE HIS/2014/100 IRS 303 THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SYSTEM QUESTION; A REVIEW OF THE 366TH COMMENCMENT DAY SPEECH BY MARK ZUCKERBERG AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY TO BE SUBMITTED TO MR. KENNEDY NSAN Mark Zuckerberg, Founder and CEO of Facebook, was the featured speaker at the afternoon session on Harvard's 36 6th commencement day on Thursday, 26 th of May 2017 . Addressing the graduating class of 2017, Zuckerberg joked, "I'm honored to be with you today, because you have accomplished something today that I never could. if I get through this speech today, it will be the first time I finished something in Harvard". He began talking about purpose, he said "Today, I want to talk about purpose," said Zuckerberg, "But I'm not here to give you the standard commencement about finding your purpose. We are millennials, we try to do that instinctively. I'm here to tell you that finding your purpose is not enough " . He believes that the challenge for the current generation is to create a world where everyone has a sense of purpose ." Zuckerberg noted that purpose is the feeling that you are part of something that is bigger than yourself, that you are needed and have something better ahead to work for. He remarked, "Purpose is what creates true happiness." Talking about the generational shift, Zuckerberg commented that when the previous generation graduated, their purpose came from their job, church, and community. But now technology and automation are replacing many jobs, memberships in communities have been declining, and a lot of people have been feeling disconnected an d depressed. Zuck erberg said , " For our society to move forward, we have a generational challenge, to not only create new jobs but a renewed sense of purpose". Knowing it is easy to make the same mistake he did, Zuckerberg observed, "It is not enough to have a sense of purpose yourself. You also have to create a sense of purpose for others. I found out the hard way. My hope was to never build a company but to create an impact ". B ut as more people joined Facebook, Zuckerberg falsely assumed that they all had the same vision and believes that he didn't communicate the company's goal well enough. After a few years, when a big company wished to acquire Facebook, Zuckerberg wanted to connect more people and work on their newsfeed feature. But at this stage nearly everyone else wanted to sell. Zuckerberg noted, "Without a sense of higher purpose, this was their startup dream come true. And it tore our company apart". Zuckerberg recalled th at some advisors had told him that if he didn't sell the company at this stage he would regret it for the rest of his life. This was his hardest time leading Facebook. He noted, "I believed in what we were doing, but I felt alone ." Looking back, he realized that things work out like this when there is no sense of higher purpose. He believed that there are three ways to create a world where everyone has a sense of purpose. Firstly, take on big, meaningful projects. Zuckerberg has noticed that every generation has its defining works. More than 3,00,000 people worked to put a man on the moon. Millions of volunteers immunized children around the world against polio. He noted that these projects didn't just provide a purpose for the people doing those jobs, they gave people a sense of pride that they could do great things. Zuckerberg added that no one really has everything figured out when they begin. He said, "Ideas don't come out fully formed. They only became clear as you work on them. You just have to get started. If I had to understand everything about connecting people before I began, I never would have to started Facebook". He realized that in our society, we often don't do big things because we're so afraid of making mistakes. The reality is, anything we do will have issues in the future. But that can't keep us from starting ". So, Zuckerberg believes tha t it is time for our generation to help in stopping climate change before

Drinking and driving

Table of Contents Introduction Drinking and driving Conclusion Reference List Introduction Driving while drunk is collectively known as impaired driving where one drives when under alcohol or any other drug influence. In some countries such as Canada, drinking and driving is an offence and one could be jailed for although cancelling of driving licenses and fines are the most used punishments for such offences.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drinking and driving specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Driving while one is intoxicated or drunk poses great danger to drivers since they are more likely to get vehicle accidents which may involve injuries or even deaths to themselves and their passengers (if there are any). Many countries especially the UK have set different blood alcohol concentration for drivers to help prevent road accidents. Drinking and driving Driving while drunk has been, for many years, under disc ussions as the number of vehicle accidents are increasing every day in our roads. Drugs affect one’s ability to react to normal and small things that happen instantly especially when driving. The concentration of alcohol in a driver’s blood is directly proportional to the driver’s ability to judge distances as well react appropriately to sudden happenings in the road. For instance, the number of deaths of single vehicle drivers registering high blood alcohol content is hundreds times more than those of the same drivers but with a zero blood alcohol content. What makes the matter worse is the fact that some people drink to the extent of getting blurred vision but still they go on and drive. This situation is worsened more when a blurred driver is driving at night especially in areas where there are no street lights. To many people, drugs that affect one’s ability to drive safely are only the illegal drugs such as marijuana and bhang. However, these include many of the prescription drugs and the over the counter drugs as long as the drug changes one’s mood or ability to see properly. Ignorance such side effects from the prescription drugs have contributed to a certain percentage of road accidents especially drugs that cause drowsiness. It is therefore up to the driver to plan not to drive if after all he is planning on drinking. Enquiring from doctors about the side effects associated with prescription medications is also a good move in combating the problem. Some of these drugs, when combined with alcohol, have more drastic effects than either of them could by themselves (Hanson, 2009, p. 1).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similar to many other social problems in the society today, drinking and driving has not been able to be stopped by the simple rules such as road signs. As a result, other measures have been taken to ef fectively reduce the vice. Many countries have now implemented the automatic annulment of one’s license which has proved to be one of the most effective measures towards solving the problem because naturally, no one would want for his license to be cancelled. This has caused many drivers to be cautious on the same matter. Mandatory jail sentence is also another effective way of getting drivers to avoid driving while they are drunk. Cessation of number plates may be as well an effective method of solving this problem. Laws should be put into place to prevent movement of certain vehicles whose drivers violate the ‘don’t drink and drive rule’. The use of an alcohol blow gadget that detects the content of one’s alcohol has been helpful in determining drunk drivers in many countries. This makes it possible to identify and therefore punish the defective drivers. Setting up social programs that address the problems and risks associated with drunk driving m ay as well enlighten the drivers and give them a reason to take the matter seriously. Restrictions to prevent night time driving especially among the youth who are always going to late night drinking parties could also prevent vehicle accidents. This may also involve getting a designated driver or one may choose to walk home instead of driving. However, if you have to drink and drive, it is advisable for one to stay sober by either limiting the number of drinks (this differs with many people). Another way of staying sober is by eating protein rich foods such as especially meat while drinking to help lower the body’s rate of alcohol absorption (Hanson, 2009, p. 1). Conclusion It is disturbing how drinking and driving habits has caused many deaths on our roads. Many road accidents have been associated with careless driving resulting from drunk drivers. This is because many drugs lower the driver’s ability to coordinate his thoughts and respond to sudden happenings on the roads.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drinking and driving specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to the increase in road accidents, many countries have gone beyond the normal road signs rules to putting other strict measures into place in an effort to prevent these occurrences. Among the most effective measures that have worked in many nations are: jail sentencing or fining and annulment of one’s driving license. By now it should be clear to every driver that careful driving (either sober or drunk), is all for one’s benefit as well as the other people around him. Drivers should therefore be responsible enough to ensure safety on the roads without being pushed by the law. Reference List Hanson, D.J. (2009). Drinking Driving. Retrieved from https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/ This essay on Drinking and driving was written and submitted by user Jorden Dotson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Communication Fundamentals Essay Example

Communication Fundamentals Essay Example Communication Fundamentals Essay Communication Fundamentals Essay An emergency Is considered to be a set of circumstances clearly beyond your control that has prevented your attendance. Legitimate written documentation must be authentic paperwork from a credible, validating source. A believable account of your difficult (or perhaps even tragic) circumstances will not serve in place of verifying documentation. Make-up exams (with documentation) must be completed within seven days of the originally scheduled exam. During the exam, if you leave the room for any reason, you must first submit your exam for grading. When you submit your completed exam for grading, you must show your ASS ID card to verify your identification. Your exam will not be accepted for grading without an ASS ID. So be sure to bring your ASS ID card with you to the exam. If you arrive for an exam after the first person finishing his or her test has left, you will not be allowed to take the exam. Examination Procedures The exam will consist of 40 multiple-choice questions, with four answers provided for each question. You will need to select the single best answer for each question (two points for each correct selection, 80 points total). You will have 60 minutes to complete the exam from the time it is distributed. You will have ample time to read each test item carefully and respond to each test item thoughtfully. Test items are not intended to be tricky, but rather to assess the depth of your understanding. To record your answers for grading, a Cantors form will be provided with your test. However, you will need to bring a pencil and eraser. Unclear responses on the Cantors form will negatively impact your score. Dont expect hints and clues from the Instructor during the exam period. Examination Preparation The outline of testable material below is intended to serve as a study checklist, directing you to testable material in the Lecture Notes, as well as in the textbook (pages of corresponding textbook material are indicated in parentheses). The exam is NOT designed to assess your recollection level of course material that youve memorized. Instead, it is designed to assess your comprehension level of course material that youve understood. So dont prepare for the test by using the Lecture Notes as a script to memorize. Rather, use the Lecture Notes as a way to evaluate and enhance your own understanding. To evaluate and enhance your comprehension level of course material, heres an effective way to prepare. For each bullet point In the Lecture Notes, attempt to rephrase or explain it in a way that Is clear enough for your mother to understand. If you can clearly explain the point to another intelligent person, then you probably comprehend that item. If not, then you with a small group of classmates will enable participants to clarify for each other items that are not fully understood. Outline of Testable Material from Unit 1 Communication Fundamentals Communication Studies What, Where, and How (3-9, 31-50) Distinctions between communications and communication Communications views communication narrowly. Simplistic one-way flow of broadcast info. Focuses on technology channels of the media (TV, film, radio, internet, etc. ) Communication views communication broadly Any facet of the process of human interaction Focus on human messaging (contexts, interpretations, responses, influences, etc. ) Nature and benefits of studying human symbolic activity Symbolic activity enables people to understand, connect with, and influence each other Humans are characterized by the capability to express thoughts, feelings, and experiences through symbols Benefits of studying: Reveal how it enables people to understand/learn from each other, producing growth in intelligence and maturity Reveal how it enables people to connect and relate with each other, creating relationships, groups, organizations, and culture. Reveal how it enables people to influence and impact each other, affecting changes in perceptions, beliefs, values, attitudes, and actions Language, Meanings, and Messages (9-20) Components of the communication process and how they complicate mutual understanding Components of communication process Encoding coding meaning into symbols Transmitting sending coded message via selected channel Receiving discerning coded message from its channel Decoding translating coded message into meaning Complicated by noise Noise originates from the mind psychological noise Noise originates from the body physiological noise Noise originates from the setting environmental noise Complicated by context Varying backgrounds, experiences, and cultures of each communicator Type of relationship and various relational expectations existing between communicators Influencing characteristics of the situation (preceding, present, and subsequent events) and setting (physical location) Nature of language, messages, and meanings in communication Language Codes Set of symbols shared by a community Exchanged through messages of packed symbols. Reductionism always reduces (imperfectly represents meanings) How miscommunication and misunderstanding can be minimized Express meaning and seek feedback Listen for meaning and offer feedback Communication Competence Relationship between fundamental human needs and human communication Human needs: Safety need to feel protected from dangers, difficulties, and privations that threaten our physical well-being Security the need to feel relationally accepted, cherished, and unconditionally loved by others Self-efficacy the need to feel that weve impacted our world in a way that makes a difference through our own unique capabilities. Significance the need to feel appreciated, respected, and esteemed by others for our worthwhile contributions Only cooperation accomplished through immunization can satisfy our fundamental needs If we dont communicate, then we will die physically or psychologically Nature of communication competence components: Four prerequisite factors for competent communication knowledge and skill (capabilities); passion and compassion (motivations) Knowledge (know what to say) Skill (know how to say it) Passion (care about what to say) Compassion (care about who its said to) Two subsequent outcomes of competent communication appropriateness and effectiveness Appropriateness (satisfies our expectations) Effectiveness (accomplishes my goals) Implications of two competency dimensions of every communicated message relationship and content Competent communicators think before they speak Frank (low relationship/high content) think about how our relationship should govern/guide what is said Friendly (high relationship/low content) think about how my goals can be clearly and convincingly articulated) Communication Ethics Three communication characteristics necessitating ethical communication. Communication is: Unavoidable (one cannot not communicate) Irrevocable (a message cant be reeled back in like a fishing line) Consequential others will respond with thoughts, feelings, or actions) Distinctions between ethically and legality Ethics: Beneficial or harmful antecedent causes and influences described as qualities of human character Morals: Beneficial or harmful subsequent outcomes and effects described as consequential human conduct. Legal Constraint: Externally imposed codes that command/require Impotent unless enforced with only short-lived effects Demands rote behavioral compliance Ethical Character: Internally rooted convictions that convince and inspire Potent absent of enforcement with enduring effects Dynamic and flexible principles that guide and direct Enables wise situational discernment Dialectics of ethical communication conveying and responding to messages Com. Dialects: principles that are best practiced in a state of tension, helping to avoid destructive forms of unrestrained extreme speech Dialect of conveying messages: Sincere truthfulness (convey truth honestly) Caring respect (show same concern/dignity would want from them) Dialect of responding to messages: Thoughtful evaluation (ponder/scrutinize to make discerning Judgments) Human testability (open minded learner, no one knows everything) Verbal Communication (107-133). Two functions of verbal communication conveying and creating perceptions of reality To share thoughts and convey perceptions of reality To shape thoughts and create perceptions of reality Distinctions between denotative and connotative semantics Denotative Semantics: Symbolize commonly shared perceptions of reality held by those in a language community. Characterized by consistency and universality Connotative Semantics: symbolize unique meanings that are laden with personal values and individual experiences. Found in the minds of individuals. Characterized y personal meanings that may be shared by an in-group, but not by the language community at large Function of syntax in verbal communication Sense-making through systematic arrangement of words Guidelines for competently conveying and creating perceptions of reality Use verbal language to clarify cognition to share and convey perceptions Speak and write correctly by employing the communication conventions of the language community. Speak and write precisely by defining abstract terms and illustrating with concrete examples Avoid unfamiliar and inappropriate language, such as vulgarity and pesticides vocabulary Use language to incite imagination to effectively shape and create perceptions Employ evocative words laden with connotative meaning to foster new perceptions of reality. Provide figurative language tropes through stories, metaphors, and analogies Reveal uncommon insights into commonplace circumstances (Vive never thought of it that way before) Nonverbal Communication (137-155) Role and importance of nonverbal communication in seeking mutual understanding Technology can degrade the richness of human communication Actions speak louder than words Many of the meaning cues in a message are communicated nonverbally When verbal and non-verbal message conflict, people believe the non-verbal messages oculists, proteomics, hepatics, and objective. Vocalic: communicating with your voice Tone, volume, articulation, pauses Kinesics: communicating with your movements Facial expressions, hand/arm gestures, movement Oculists: communicating with your eyes Interested and caring or bored and distracted Honest and truthful or hiding and deceiving Wink, roll eyes, blink, eye contact Proteomics: communicating with your position. Personal space invasion leads to flight response Personal territory invasion leads to fight response Hepatics: communicating through physical contact Objective: communicating with inanimate items Appearance personal grooming and apparel, artifacts (visual aids). Perception, Learning, and Listening (84-102, 163-177) Purposes for listening interpretation, identification, inspiration, evaluation, coordination, and education Interpretation: to understand others by assigning Identification: to foster relational connections Inspiration: to be impacted and motivated Evaluation: to assess perspectives and issues Coordination: to organize and harmonize efforts. Education: to learn and grow in intelligence Levels of listening and learning to remember (recognizing and recalling); to comprehend (analyzing and synthesizing); to implement (evaluating and applying) Listening to remember employing rote memorization that enables: (ILL) Recognition identify message elements with prompting (ALL) Recall generating message elements without prompting Listening to comprehend-employing attentive interpretation that enables: (ALL) Analysis inferring meanings from various message details.

Effect of Globalization on Public Administration Research Paper

Effect of Globalization on Public Administration - Research Paper Example The shaping of public policy today should be such that ‘the right’ people are attracted to the country. Globalization has also increased diversity in the workplace meaning that many people of different origins are working in the public sector. Management styles should also change in order to accept the changes of globalization. Competition is another dimension of public administration that globalization has contributed. Private sector is increasing its participation in the public sector due to deregulation and this is increasing competition. Global financialiazation has also affected public administration greatly. Introduction Globalization has changed the dynamics of business significantly all over the world. Newer business practices and management techniques have become inevitable in the new business environment that is dominated by diversity, both outward (customers) and inward (employees). Our world has transformed into a global village where distances no longer matt er. This has both increased the problems and opportunities for businesses. . Competition has increased but many new opportunities are also there to grab. Globalization has not only affected private firms who aim to maximize profits. Public sector organizations are equally affected by the process of globalization. ... Diversity will be discussed and how it has increased problems for public administrators. Management issues that have come up as a result of globalization in the public sector will also be elucidated. The element of competition in the public services sector will also be explained alongside with the global financial markets and its effect on public administration. In the end an appropriate video will also be suggested that will shed more light on globalization. Defining Globalization Globalization refers to eradication of state regulations on trade and exchanges across country borders, and a highly integrated and complex system of production, finance, and exchange that has emerged as a result of it (Palmer, 2002). The term globalization refers to a phenomenon that has changed the world in the 20th century. During 20th century many changes occurred in the whole world. The two world wars fought gave rise to massive industrialization throughout the world. An increasingly capitalistic syst em became popular and regulation became ‘old-fashioned’. Countries soon realized that they were making more goods than they could consumer and this gave rise to global trade on a large scale. After that countries attempted to produce only goods in which they possessed a competitive advantage. This again bolstered globalization. Globalization does not only refer to the economic changes that occurred in the 20th century rather it encompasses many things like cultures, traditions, consumption patterns, technology etc. All these things have become ‘globalized’ today and country specific differences are shrinking. Cultural globalization refers to homogenization of global culture which is happening due

The Integrated STEM System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Integrated STEM System - Research Paper Example This essay will not deeply address the issues as the main project will follow that will handle the topic adequately. The acronym STEM refers to Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. It is a newly introduced curriculum which advocates for the teaching of science, technology, engineering and mathematics through integration. Meaning, it is a new approach which adopts an applied and interdisciplinary strategy while teaching these subjects without necessarily teaching them in isolation. By blending Chemistry, physics, In formation Technology, computer, engineering, mathematical science, geosciences, astronomy, life science and social sciences, the curriculum will be encouraging students to learn about practical problem solving skills which are of course essential in their day to day experiences. STEM was established in the United States with the aim of solving the problems created in education and offering of science subjects. The project is aimed at making the STEM related fields more relevant to the students. This is aimed in turn at ensuring that the students become more creative in the future and come up with new projects that can help the country scientifically. The problems in security are a major concern in many countries and it was also one of the highlighted problems that are to be addressed by the STEM project once it goes underway. This essay will look deeply into the idea and point out the strengths it has depicted and the limitations including the remedies that can be implemented to make it a more effective method of bridging the scientific and technological gap that is created in science subjects. However, in order to achieve its objectives, STEM program will have to be introduced to the learners as early as possible. As a matter of fact, it will be shift from the common tradition in which the STEM subjects are taught differently in schools. As a new system aiming at reaching the greatest possible

Criminal Law Will Never Be an Adequate Response for Dealing with Essay

Criminal Law Will Never Be an Adequate Response for Dealing with Complexities of Gendered, Sexualised and Racialised Violence - Essay Example The other objective of criminal law is to make it possible for individuals to coexist in the society1. Other objectives include to define the procedures of recognizing innocence or guilt and to choose the form of treatment or punishment after the individual is convicted for violating society’s laws2. The main aim of the criminal law is to protect the society so that its members can be reasonably secure as they carry out their constructive activities. Behaviours that are considered to be detrimental to the society’s welfare are made criminal. At all times, a balanced has to be attained between protecting the society and the individual rights. There are three types of harm or dangers that the criminal protects the individual against, and they include protection of the societal morals, protection from harm caused by others, and protection from harm emanating from ourselves. The most common protection that criminal law offers include protection from harm caused by others. T he obvious protection offered is found in laws against arson, rape, theft, and homicide. Individuals feel reasonably secure when majority of the people, â€Å"most of the time, will not harm us in these or other ways, and that if we are harmed, the offender will be caught and punished.†3 Criminal Law Will Never Be an Adequate Response for Dealing with the Complexities of Gendered, Sexualized and Racialised Violence Criminal Law Will Never Be an Adequate Response for Dealing with the Complexities of Gendered Violence In the majority of the countries in the world, criminal law is the conventional legal strategy utilized in addressing issues of violence against women. The laws are usually contained in general statutes like the penal codes that create the national criminal justice system. The penal codes apply to all individuals and in all areas within the nation. At times, the special statutes tackle certain types of violence such as torture and dowry violence. This form of legi slation supplements penal codes, basic law, thus offering for a more focussed regulatory control. However, in most cases, there gaps in special laws and penal codes, and this results in the inadequacies, and inefficiencies in the criminal justice system. It is important to note that the laws are not in place and thus, they are supposed to be reformed, expanded, and revised4. Due to ineffective enforcement, inefficiency in investigation, undue influence, and corruption, the criminal justice systems are said to be against women who are victims of violence. Thus, the procedural and substantive criminal laws and the law enforcement culture, lack gender sensitivity and they reflect an entrenched prejudice against women5. The criminal law alone cannot effectively deal with the problem of domestic violence. Majority of the aspects in domestic violence cannot be described as crime\, and they do not into any classes of assault under the criminal law. For instance, a woman who is under infreq uent sexual or physical assaults from her partner or husband may find that her day-to-day life is controlled by measures such as seeking permission on a daily basis to see her friends or family, take up education or employment, or even to go out. These women may generally feel incapable of doing so for fear of reaction. Thus, most of the women will not have the option of using criminal law. It is worth noting that criminal law will not effectively recognize the possible danger or escalation of the abuse when it attempts to challenge

Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment One of the diseases that has severely impacted the lives of people these days is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) which is a condition that is fatal and rare which has impact on the brain of human being. CJD causes damage to the brain that gets worsened with the passage of time. The patients diagnosed with the disease die within one year as people become immobile (Solassol et al., 2006). CJD is usually caused by an abnormal protein known as prion. Before prion is understood, proteins function for body must be clarified. For every human being, proteins are important for life and are present in body of all living things. Every part of humans body has good composition of protein such as muscles, hair, fingernails, bones, skin, blood, body organs and eyes. After water, protein is the second most important constituent of body (Belay et al., 2003). According to LiveScience Staff (2012), protein is mainly used for building, maintenance and repairing of body tissues; it is present in various forms which perform many jobs in human body and the structure of each protein determine its function. The building blocks of proteins are long strings of amino acids which get folded and curled into complex three dimensional shapes which allow proteins to perform their job. Dr. Stanley B. Prusiner from University of California i.e. San Francisco purified an agent which was infectious made of unique kind of protein and referred to it as prion in 1982; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to him in 1997 for discovery of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) that was mainly caused by prions. Prions get accumulated in brain at much higher levels that cause permanent damage to the nerve cells which cause various neurological symptoms. These infectious particles are different in behavior from conventional bacteria and viruses which cannot be destroyed by exposing to heat and radiation. Even antiviral and antibacterial medicines have no effects on prions; hence, presently, there is lack of valuable treatment for CJD (Belay et al., 2003). Understanding Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Basically, CJD is a very rare form of deadly form of dementia which can spread fastly in the body from brain. Prions are mostly found in brain and are harmless; when they are not given proper shapes, they may have effects that can be devastating which can even attack brain, kill its cells and create holes or gaps in tissue of brain (Ironside, 2009). Prion diseases have been found in both animals and humans; such diseases were in news of mid 1980s along with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic which was referred to as Mad Cow disease, it is a cattle disease. In humans, it is known as CJD. The disease is found in about one to two people among million people worldwide. Types of CJD There are basically two types of CJD i.e. Classic CJD and Variant CJD (vCJD). The three types of classic CJD are Sporadic CJD, Familial or genetic CJD and Iatrogenic or Acquired CJD. Sporadic CJD More than 90% of people diagnosed with CJD are suffering from this type of CJD and it is mainly found in people aged in between 45 to 75. There are no specific symptoms for this CJD (Shah et al., 2009); however, some early symptoms such as depression may be present but it can quickly progress into confusion and problems of memory which is commonly observed in dementia, followed by loss of balance and coordination along with progressive blindness (Piouti et al., 2012). Familial or genetic CJD Familial or genetic CJD is one of the rare genetic condition in which the persons genes are inherited from one parent who causes the protein to get mutated into a prion in later stages of life that trigger the symptoms of CJD. In other words, it appears in families that have abnormal gene. About 7% of cases have this type of CJD. In order to diagnose it, blood test is done; person having this abnormal gene has 50% chance of transmitting it to children. The other rare form of this CJD are Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) and Gerstmann-Strà ¤ussler-Scheinker (GSS); both of these are rarely found in people (Brand et al., 2006). It occurs in people who have age of 50 years. Iatrogenic or Acquired CJD This type of CJD is rarely found in people as it is found in those people who get CJD while accidental transmission that takes place during a medical procedure like corneal grafts, instruments in neurosurgery, human pituitary hormone therapy or human dura-mater grafts (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2010). Variant CJD People having average age of 28 years are found to be suffering from Variant CJD. It is usually developed from eating of beef that was infected with BSE. It can even occur with blood transfusion in which variant CJD is transmitted from one person to other. Once the symptoms are identified, the disease spreads quickly in the body (Tattum et al., 2010). Signs and Symptoms of CJD In many of the cases, classic CJD looks similar to various other dementias; the disease comes on fastly and then declines the ability of thinking as symptoms start appearing. Some of the most commonly found symptoms are that the person may have swings in mood, problems related to memory, interest absence and not behaving like oneself, having difficulty while walking such as keeping balance, dementia rapid progressions such as loss of memory and other thinking capabilities, problems in vision such as blindness, stiffening of limbs, twitching or jerks in muscles, feeling of clumsiness, speaking problem such as slurred speech, difficulty in swallowing and akinetic mutism in which person can move eyes and appear to be alert but can neither move voluntarily or speak (Espinosa, Bensalem-Owen, Fee, 2010; Sikorska et al., 2004). However, people who are in CJDs later stages face problems such as losing awareness as it can be seen in various neurological examinations. While the disease in the early stages, CJD patients are scared and it can be a distressing situation for them; it is usually associated with hallucinations that are visual which means seeing things that are not present there which might develop uncomfortable feeling in them (Andrews, 2012). People who are suffering from sporadic CJD usually live than twelve months after the appearance of signs and symptoms; the maximum life is two years. Before death, some people fall into condition of coma; the main reasons of death are heart failure, pneumonia or respiratory failure such as breathing problem (Rossetti Dunand, 2007). Among the most common symptoms found in Variant CJD people are changes in behavior, depression, withdrawal from social gatherings, difficulty in walking, dementia that is progressive, unable to do movement or speak and pain and odd kind of sensation in limbs or face (LiveScience Staff, 2012). Causes of CJD According to studies of Ironside (2009) and Tattum et al. (2010), CJD is caused by slow virus or other small organisms. The agent that causes this disease has several characteristics which are different from viruses and bacterias. The organisms are difficult to kill as they dont have genetic information on them in the form Nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA and has long period of incubation before symptoms are made visible. However, it has been found that it is mostly caused by prion proteins that can occur in both normal and infectious form. The normal forms have same shapes as that of amino acids but infectious ones differ in their shapes from normal proteins. Once they appear, abnormal ones start to get aggregated which start affecting the brain. Only 5-10% cases are inherited ones that arise either from mutation or changes in gene which are responsible for controlling the formation of normal prion proteins. Diagnosis of CJD CJD is difficult to diagnose especially when it is in its initial stages; there is no specific test available for diagnosing in living person. Only way to make sure that person had CJD is by examining the tissue of brain after his death. However, there are some other tests and procedures can be used for diagnosis of the disease such as medical history examination as it will help doctors in learning the persons symptoms and signs when they get started as CJD gets spread quickly; Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in which brains picture is taken to identify the difference between various types of CJD; Computerized Tomography (CT) scan in which brains picture will be taken to diagnose the disease; Puncture of Lumbar which means taking fluid form the spine of a person by using syringe and a needle, it is done to identify the infections of brain; blood tests to identify if there is any chance of genetic CJD; Electroencephalogram (ECG) in which electrical activity of brain is measured and b rain autopsy in which tissue of brain is examined after persons death (Puoti et al., 2012; Shah et al., 2009). Treatment for CJD Up till now, there has been no success in developing right treatment for CJD. The researchers have done numerous tests with many drugs such as steroids, antiviral agents, antibiotics, amantadine, acyclovir and many more but they have not been able to find perfect cure for this disease (Puoti et al., 2012). Some studies are still in progression to develop appropriate treatment for patients but none of them have been successful in benefiting the human beings. The treatment for CJD that is being followed by various doctors is aimed at alleviation of symptoms and trying to make the individuals as comfortable as the experts can do so that they have the will power of fighting against the disease. Some of the opiate drugs can relieve pain when people suffer from it but the drugs such as Sodium Valproate and Clonzaepam definitely help in relieving of myoclonus. When the disease is in later stages, position of person is changed frequently so that he gets comfortable and bedsores can be prevented. For draining urine, a catheter can be used as it helps in controlling the function of bladder and artificial feeding can also be used. Precautions for CJD Although there are chances that CJD gets transmitted by being careless during medical procedures but still people need to take care of various things that can help them in remain protected from this disease. CJD is not a contagious disease that can be transmitted either by social or sexual contact or via air or feeding, touching or even taking care of person suffering from CJD at home. some of the basic precautionary measures that need to be followed are washing hands either before eating or drinking, covering wounds or cuts with bandages that are waterproof, protecting face and hands from being exposes to blood or fluids of body of person who is affected by this disease and taking special care in blood transfusions so that CJD infected person does not give his blood. In order to avoid variant CJD, beef from selected countries should be eaten; countries that have high risk of TSE are more vulnerable to risk. The only options available for avoiding this type of CJD are either to eat beef from countries that emphasize on strict regulations on its quality and avoid eating parts of cattle that have high risks such as spinal cord, intestines, brain and eyes. Conclusion Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (CJD) is among the fastest growing disease that is being faced by many people worldwide. It has become important for researchers to identify right course of treatment for this disease so that patients can get full recovery. In order to make sure that people who have genetic CJD are given appropriate treatment before symptoms start to become visible, it is important that people get their blood tests done at regular intervals. When any of the signs and symptoms is observed in people, it is advised that they contact a doctor immediately who can ensure that right tests are done for identification of this disease. Still, the researchers have to do extensive work for identifying the main causes of CJD along with developing a remedial solution. Among all the available options, the best one is to contact any well-known doctors who are specialist in neurology who will take the patient in right treatment method. Hence, everyone needs to make sure that they have complete information about this disease so that they can face it with determination and strong will power. Palliative Care for Cancer Patients | Literature Review Palliative Care for Cancer Patients | Literature Review Gretha Cabral Literature Review Cancer has become a global concern in the recent decades and various researches have raised the need for palliative care for cancer patients besides the treatment that they receive from their respective hospitals. Researches show that palliative care prolongs the life of patients more as compared on relying the treatments alone. According to research conducted by Julia Medew, patients who are suffering from lung cancer could enjoy longer, quality life and low depression where they bestowed palliative care immediately after they are diagnosed with lung cancer, as opposed to starting at the late stages of the disease. According to this study, Medew aimed that; the findings would change the views of both the patients and the doctors on the quality of palliative care (Medew, 2011). The care aims at improving the quality of life of the for patients with progressive, serious illnesses through paying high attention to the control of their symptoms and pain, recognizing their spiritual and p sychological needs and providing the necessary support to the patients and their families. Medew`s study divided 151 patients with lung cancer into two groups in order to clearly outline the quality of palliative care (Medew, 2011). The first group of lung cancer patients was to solely rely on the standard treatment that the patients would receive from the health facilities while the second group was to receive the same treatment that would be accompanied by immediate referral to palliative care within a time range of twelve weeks after diagnose. Consequently, the findings showed that, the average survival period of patients in the second group was around three months longer and those patients reported living a high quality life and far much better moods as compared to the first group. Moreover, this American study was seconded by Ian Haines, who was a Melbourne cancer specialist who recommended that, palliative care should be administered by doctors to cancer patients. This suggestion was made because most health professionals, cancer patients and many other individuals realized that palliative care can serve as the only default measure of managing cancer when all other measures have been exhausted. He also suggested that, if early referral of cancer patients to professional palliative care can be an expensive measure, the governments should subsidize by increasing the allocation of more funds to the ministry of health since its value outweighs the costs that may be associated with it (Medew, 2011). Professor Haines also gave another case study that recently followed 333 cancer patients up to their death. The study also divided the patients into groups where one involved patients who were hospitalized to receive cancer treatments while the other group was treated and discharged in order to receive additional palliative care at their respective homes. The study findings showed that, patients in the first group died within a short time interval than those in the second group. In addition, those patients in the first group also experienced emotional and physical distress than those patients in the second group who died while receiving palliative care at their homes. The study concluded that, faster occurrence of deaths in patients who are admitted in health facilities was highly contributed by high extents of grief and more post-traumatic stress that arose from the family members and friends of those patients (Medew, 2011). His study also established that early referral of patients to palliative care helps caregivers and patients to understand their treatment options better especially at the end of their life. Furthermore, this early referral helps to reduce debilitating expensive treatments such as chemotherapy and excessive utilization of limited medical resources. In addition, most cancer patients are not used to palliative care in most countries and this unfamiliarity calls for the need for providing information to patients, their family members and friends sensitizing to them the quality of palliative care. According to research conducted by Ms. Etheredge, one of the officials of hospice palliative care society, she found that, palliative care frightens most individuals including cancer patients since most people are used to the tradition of patients being admitted to hospitals for treatment. Therefore, discharging cancer patients after treating them and then requiring them to seek palliative care at their respective homes elevate stress to patients since the latter concludes that they are being sent to meet their deaths at home. She suggested that, the governments should construct a cancer hospice in a strategic point since according to her, the environment where palliative care is provided matters most (Furse, 1999). She further suggested that, any other hospice to be constructed near to water and bus route since these are the two primary necessities that assist the caregivers and the families. Moreover, she also seconded the decision of the health minister of Australia in launching the national palliative care awareness week that would inform people about the equity and access of this care (Brigid, 2011). During the launching of this palliative care awareness campaign, the health minister also outlined the palliative strategic plan to inform the services that palliative care offers. In addition, brochures printed in Greek, Chinese, Vietnamese, Italian and polishes were distributed to different people during that week outlining palliative care services. This distribution of brochures was to enhance the reach of palliative care information to more people especially those who both don’t speak English and are not aware of the services provided by palliative care. In addition, according to Mark Colvin, most of the cancer patients in Australia are not aware of the existence, quality and the services that are provided by palliative care centers because most doctors do not sensitize and refer these patients to palliative services. According to study that surveyed a sample of one thousand doctors all over the country and within the duration of one year, more than eight hundred doctors do not refer cancer patients to palliative care. Merrilyn stone, for example, was not referred to palliative care when she was initially diagnosed with breast cancer in 1990 (Barrett, 2004). This lack of referent made her to still firm her believe that palliative care is intended for the dying people and this made it harder for her to understand the value of palliative care when her condition came back eleven years later. Moreover, according to Afaf Girgis, this lack of referring patients to palliative care during the early stages of cancer development enhances the perception of the community and the patients that palliative care is intended for individuals who are at the death`s door and this is much untrue. Girgis further outlines this lack of referring cancer patients to palliative care predisposes the patient to more and severe consequences when the disease progresses to its advanced stages. In the long run, the particular patients live less additional days, as opposed to when they would have been early referred to palliative care services (Barrett, 2004). However, according to Rebecca Barrett, the study found that, very few health professionals who used to refer their patients to palliative care. In addition, in case these health professionals happen to refer cancer patients to palliative care, the latter was mostly intended to control pain but not for emotional or psychological support or legal and financial support. Consecutively, according to Dr. Sundquist, most health professionals concentrate more on curing the cancer patients and most are unaware of the quality of palliative care. He further challenges this doctors` works and suggests that, the latter needs to understand more is needed to cancer patients besides treatment services (Barrett, 2004). Moreover, cancer patients need additional services that include practical and emotional support that involves palliative care. Moreover, in Australia, Whyalla hospital developed project of constructing Whyalla cancer treatment Centre that would cancer services almost at par with the same treatment services that were offered in Adelaide. Initially, many cancer patients were forced to travel long distances in order to access cancer services at Adelaide hospital (Bruce, 2012). The construction of Whyalla cancer Centre aimed at reducing the transportation burden of cancer patients to long distances. According to whale news, the cancer center would offer a wide range of palliative services to the cancer patients especially those who were recently diagnosed with cancer. According to the chairman of his cancer project Mr. champion, the cancer Centre would offer services such as creating space for training activities and research, counseling of cancer patients, chemotherapy, outpatient care services among others. Additionally, the Whyalla cancer Centre would operate in cooperation with the already established Adelai de health facility in order to share health professionals and other technical equipments. This cooperation statement was echoed by Mr. Champion who said â€Å"the specialists will determine if the complexity of the cancer requires the patient to receive treatment in Adelaide or if they can remain in Whyalla.† (Bruce, 2012) However, the recent researches show that most patients suffering from cancer would prefer to meet their deaths at their homes rather than at the health facilities. These researches recommend that health professionals should follow the wishes of cancer patients on where the latter wants to receive palliative care. In connection to this, Eurobodalla health services have provided ambulance protocols that would facilitate doctors to respond to the emergency calls from the homes of cancer patients (Oconnor, 2014). These services would enable cancer patients to receive palliative care at their homes as they wish. References Barrett, R. (2004). Cancer patients missing out on palliative care; palliative support. Sydney, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ABC Premium News Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/458087832? Brigid, O. (2011). Palliative care boosted. Melbourne, News Digital Media. Vic.Sunday Herald Sun Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/867896592? Bruce, K. (2012). Good news for cancer patients. Whyalla, S. Aust, Fairfax Media Publications Pty Limited. Whyalla News Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1081480966? Furse, L. (1999). Strategy for better palliative care. Canberra, A.C.T, Fairfax Media Publications Pty Limited. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1012751431? Medew, J. (2011). Early palliative care could prolong life. Canberra, A.C.T, Fairfax Media Publications Pty Limited. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1020447587? Medew, J. (2011). Palliative care extends length and quality of life. Sydney, N.S.W., Fairfax Digital. Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/854392582? Oconnor, K. (2014). Treatment available closer to home for palliative patients. Batemans Bay, N.S.W, Fairfax Media Publications Pty Limited. Bay Post Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1516592167? Gretha Cabral s3483440

Chemistry Experiment Essay

How did your proposed procedures or flow charts at the beginning of this experiment compare to the actual procedures of this lab exercise? I had to change the process I did things a little to allow adequate time for the sand and the benzoic acid crystals to dry on the paper towels, and for the water in the paper cup to evaporate from the salt. 2. Discuss potential advantages or disadvantages of your proposed procedure compared to the one actually used. The advantage of my original proposed procedure was less time consuming. see more:chemistry matriculation notes semester 1 The disadvantage compared to the one actually used would be the reliability of the information. Giving adequate drying time on an experiment in which you are weighing something is crucial. 3. How would you explain a sand recovery percentage that is higher than the original sand percentage? The sand absorbed some of the water and expanded, or some of the components in the sand is part of another mixture and you did not extract all the components from the original sand correctly. 4. What were potential sources of error in the experiment? Several things could go wrong with this experiment. I think the hardest part and biggest source of error is extracting each substance from the mixture and weighing it by itself. You have to be careful to extract each substance correctly or you will get the wrong weight. Conclusion: Weighing all the substances as one should weight the same as weighing them each separate and adding them together.

Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions (China and Germany) Essay

Gerard Hendrik Hofstede (born October 2, 1928 in Haarlem) is a Dutch expert in cultural studies [GHW]. Hofstede (1980) surveyed 88,000 IBM employees working in 66 countries and then ranked the countries on different cultural dimensions. His research resulted in four dimensions (power distance; individualism versus collectivism; uncertainty avoidance; and masculinity and femininity). In the beginning, China was not included in this study but later Bond and Hofstede looked at Chinese values. From this research they included a fifth cultural value dimension called: long-term versus short-term orientation [SKR]. Power Distance Index (PDI) The Power Distance index shows how less powerful individuals accept and expect an unequal distribution of power. High power distance means that power is unevenly distributed; low power distance means that power is more evenly distributed [TIP]. According to Geert Hofstede’s 5 dimensions China is located in the higher ranking at 80. That means that this society â€Å"believes that inequalities amongst people are acceptable† [GER]. The Power is centralised and the management is autocratic. The subordinate-superior relationship tends to be cleaved and â€Å"there is no defence against power abuse by superiors† [GER]. This means that â€Å"people are less willing to challenge authority which is likely due to old communism beliefs which still have a strong influence on people’s behaviour† [SKR]. Managers expect subordinates to obey them. Subordinates automatically show respect and know that they have to earn their respect. They also expect to be told what to do. Therefore social interactions are formal. In general we can say that the Chinese are â€Å"optimistic about people’s capacity for leadership and initiative† [GER]. The general attitude of the Chinese is that you should not fulfil any duties beyond your rank [GER]. In class I have noticed that the status of the teacher has to be respected and privileges are expected. To listen to a different example: In China it is very common that the workers should come 15 minutes earlier to a meeting and the manager with the most power is always five to fifteen minutes later. That shows that the managers enjoy more privileges. I was able to observe that the compliance of  the hierarchy is maintained very strictly. Individualism versus Collectivism(IDV) This index shows the extent to which individuals are integrated into groups or not [TIP]. In societies with a high IDV index particularly individual rights are protected: self-determination, I experience and personal responsibility are important. In a collectivist culture with a low IDV-index contrast, the integration dominates in any kind of networks. The team spirit is much more characteristic of such a culture [GHW]. According to Geert Hofstede China is located in the lower ranking at 20. â€Å"In collectivist cultures such as China, people work together in groups and often put the needs of that group ahead of their own personal wants† [SKR]. They share responsibility. The Chinese who are doing business tend to stay with the same partners and suppliers to keep loyalty and not worsen relationships [SKR]. In China the community had always the priority. Tian xia wei gong said the ancients – under the sky everything serves the community. In the Confucian influenced social system everyone expects from the individual subordination, self-control and willingness to make sacrifices in order that the family and state can benefit from it. Individualism is a term which has always had a negative connotation in China, because people associated it with egoism. The Chinese prefer a holistic thinking. An example, if a Chinese writes his address down he will start with the country, then the city and the street and at the end his own name. The traditional Chinese medicine is a prime example for holistic thinking. Each disease is always seen in the context of the whole body. Collectivism promotes harmony. In China people focus on harmony and shun the direct confrontation. Harmony is achieved by giving â€Å"face† to others and avoiding losing your own â€Å"face†. When I talked to my Chinese friend â€Å"David Zhang† and asked him about his study he will begin in Germany, he told me that this was a family decision. Of course, it was his wish but without the consent of the family he could never study abroad. Even if he had the money for it he would not do so, because his family is much more important to him. Masculinity / Femininity(MAS) This MAS index shows the expression of the dominant values that are  established in both sexes. Hofstede ranks to the female values of care, cooperation and modesty. As masculine values ​​Hofstede defines competitive readiness and self-confidence. A high MAS index shows a dominance of â€Å"typically male† values, a low MAS index shows a dominance of â€Å"typically female† values [GHW]. ​​According to Geert Hofstede China is located in the higher ranking at 66. It is more a masculine society – a society which is success oriented. You can see it on the fact that many of the Chinese sacrifice their leisure time to work [SKR]. I have noticed that shops are open until very late at night. Officially, nowadays women enjoy the same rights as men in the workplace. The Communist Party in China has made efforts to put both genders on almost the same level. Anyway traditional Confucian thinking does not fit easily with this term of gender equality. It seems to be a bit ironic that the liberalisation policies of the last decade might have turned around many of the advances made by women under the prevalent conditions of the hard-line regimes. Through the traditional values it is the boys who have strong preferences. The men own most of the power and responsibility although there is a high level of acceptance between genders in China [SKR]. Unfortunately, women in executive positions enjoy a low appreciation. There are successful women in all fields, they are among the winners of the economic reforms, but also among the losers. If the economic situation in the factories is poor and staff is reduced, they are the first to be fired. If high school fees are too high, it is usually the daughter, who leave school and has to go to work [BUC]. Uncertainty avoidance(UAI) The UAI index shows a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. Cultures with a high UAI, want to avoid the uncertainty and are characterized by many uncommitted laws, policies and security measures. Members are emotional and nervous. Cultures which are tolerant to accept uncertainty have a few rules that are changeable and thus tend to relativism. The members are phlegmatic and expect from their environment not to show feelings [GHW]. According to Geert Hofstede China has a low score of 30 on uncertainty avoidance. China has a high degree of acceptance of uncertainty. This society does not try to take control of the future, and therefore China’s society is not afraid of unforeseen situations [SKR]. The  Chinese consider written and oral arrangements sceptical. Contracts should be structured so that there is still the possibility to change the contract afterwards. The Chinese are very flexible. In case of conflict, a mentor is used, which takes care of the problems of both families instead of going to court. Uncertainty avoidance means for the Chinese first: What does my boss want? If he agrees with my ideas, then I can put it on. But I do not certainly know if he will like my ideas, I rather not ask him indeed I better wait for instructions. In this case, I can do no wrong, because the manager is responsible for all decisions, therefore the uncertainty is resolved. I could observe that the Chinese remain calm when unforeseen situations occur. They do not get upset about the situation. They can quickly accept the situation and adapt their surroundings. Long-term or short-term orientation(LTO) This LTO index â€Å"deals with the issue of virtue. Long-term cultures value thrift and perseverance; short-term cultures value tradition, the fulfilment of social obligations and protecting one’s ‘face’ or honour. A long-term orientation is associated with East Asian countries† [TIP]. According to Geert Hofstede China has a high score of 118. Hofstede analysed that China has the highest ranking of all countries in long-term orientation. It is 30% higher than the Asian average score. China is a country with a strong long-term orientation. It can be seen from the fact that China preferred a long-term development and indirect enforcement strategies [SKR]. According to the Chinese way of thinking it is not the shortest route that leads to the destination but the more difficult path. Therefore the Chinese can handle complex situations without a lot of stress neither they let push themselves through time. The key for the Chinese is to build up strong, reliable, lasting relationships. Before any decision is met there must be gained a certain amount of trust. Obviously this takes longer to finish a business deal. They do not like to rush into things [SKR]. Once you build up the trust and a strong relationship you can rely on it. This culture is marked by loyalty and respect. If you are willing to maintain this relationship you can trust your entire life on Guanxi. Comparison between China and Germany As you can see there are a few differences between Germany and China. In contrast to China the power is decentralised. The German culture is marked by a low power distance and the subordinates expect to be consulted as well as they expect to offer their ideas to the managers. Flashing back to my work experience I can say that I often had to take initiative. Often people are confronted with the adage: â€Å"think by yourself†. The other difference is that the management and subordinates respect each other and treat one another as equals. Usually it is as described, but there are of course exceptions. In most cases, however, I have had the experience that I had a good relationship to my boss. Compared to China, Germany has a highly individualistic society. Personal responsibility, independence, self-determination and I-experience are highly valued in Germany. A prolonged stay abroad is much respected. It shows that you can independently fulfil tasks. Companies wish to have workers with international experience due to growing globalization. That individualism counts, can also be seen in the fact that you put your name first when writing an address. This is totally different to China where you put the country at first as I have already mentioned. According to Hofstede Germany and China have the same MAS index. Mostly it is the men who hold the most of the power. I have noticed women get more and more acceptance in the man dominated business world. For example we now have a woman (Angelika Merkel) as chancellor and not a man. I can see more and more woman taking part in higher positions. Therefore I would rate Germany at 55 because there is no doubt about the increasing acceptance of women. Another example shows that a women’s quota should be introduced in Germany, which includes that at least 10% of women should sit in the top management. Furthermore Germany is a country full of bureaucracy. We have laws for almost everything, insurance companies are supposed to protect us and the institutions should regulate everything imaginable. We want to have everything controlled in order to control the future. Therefore we make contracts and then we act accordingly. This is totally different to the Chinese Culture where people like to keep the possibility to change things afterwards. The highest difference between China and Germany is the LTO index. Unlike China, Germany is more short-term oriented. Managers in Germany try to make high profits in no time. We put  truth and directness before diplomacy. Furthermore I have noticed that German employers are impatient because they want to get fast results. Criticism Unfortunately, I could not check if I would spread as much points as Hofstede because there was too less time to make an intensive investigation. However, I found out through discussions and research that Hofstede was pretty accurate with his assumptions. Furthermore, I want to mention a couple of criticisms of his study. The main point is listed by critics that the drawn samples were not representative. So in the original study(1967-1972 ) information were used from a global survey made by IBM. Thus, it is uncertain whether the system actually worked out measures of national cultures or rather differences in corporate culture between the countries. Furthermore, Hofstede’s approach ignores differences within a nation. The model treats a nation as a homogeneous state of individuals who all share the same value system. This is in most cases incorrect. In addition, criticism of the validity of the items was practiced [4]. Hofstede cites no theoretical justification for the selection of items. House and other people criticizes in particular the failure to distinguish between values ​​and behavior. This is problematic because negative values ​​and behavior are linked. Source Material: [TIP] Geert Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviours, Institutions and Organisations across Nations (Place: Corwin Press, 2001). http://www.tiplady.org.uk/pdfs/LEA502-5-culturalissues.pdf [GER] The Hofstede Centre: http://geert-hofstede.com/china.html [SKR] Hofstede comparison of Germany and China: https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDgQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fbuinternationalmanagement.wikispaces.com%2Ffile%2Fview%2FHofstede%2Bcomparison%2Bof%2BGermany%2Band%2BChina.doc&ei=vDRYUb6mKo7EswaMoICQAg&usg=AFQjCNHgjNwXhFqhxu015my2P3qIqIftMQ&sig2=MGY08eJFzKV1E–Q6iME-w&bvm=bv.44442042,d.Yms [GHW] Geert Hofstede http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geert_Hofstede [BUC] Der China Knigge ; Yu-Chien Kuan, Petra Hà ¤ring-Kuan ; September 2006 ISBN: 978-3-596-16684-8 Persons I have talked to: David King (Banker / Chinese) David Zhang (Student / Chinese) Primel (Chinese Girl who studies German) Kim Lao (Chinese Business Man / employed by an American company) Lio (Student / Chinese)

9 Ways of Translating ‘Very’ to Spanish

9 Ways of Translating ‘Very’ to Spanish Very is one of most overused words in English. In fact, there are editors and teachers who routinely eliminate each very they come across because the word that has become so routine that it can often be left out without much change in meaning. Similarly, the Spanish equivalent, muy, is easy to overuse, especially for beginning Spanish students who dont know many alternatives. Next time youre thinking of using muy in something youre writing, consider the following alternatives. Note that with most, if not all, examples, the Spanish word could be translated ​to English in multiple ways. Using the Suffix -à ­simo for ‘Very’ The suffix -à ­simo is probably the most common alternative to muy. Sometimes a type of superlative, -à ­simo and its plural or feminine forms are added to the end of an adjective that ends in a consonant. So the modified form of azul (blue) is azulà ­simo (very blue). If the adjective ends in a vowel, which accounts for most adjectives, the vowel is dropped first. So the modified form of feo (ugly) is feà ­simo (very ugly), and caro (expensive) becomes carà ­simo (very expensive). In a few cases, a spelling change is needed for pronunciation reasons. For example, if the final consonant is a z, the z changes to c. So the modified form of feliz (happy) is felicà ­simo (very happy). Some examples: Est alegrà ­sima en saber que sus padres tienen salud. (She is very happy to know that her parents are healthy.)Pocas horas antes tenà ­amos  un debilà ­simo frente frà ­o. (A few hours earlier we had a very weak cold front.)Mi madre tiene tristà ­simos recuerdos de la ciudad. (My mother had very sad memories of the city.)Me parece patetiquà ­simo que me mientas todo el tiempo. (It seems very pathetic to me that you are lying to me all the time. Note the spelling change from the unmodified adjective patà ©tetico.)Era una casa de cinco dormitorios, con piscina azulà ­sima en medio de un cà ©sped verdà ­simo. (It was a home with five bedrooms and a very blue swimming pool in the middle of a very green lawn.) The suffix -à ­simo can also be used with some adverbs:  ¡Esperemos llegar prontà ­simo! (I hope we arrive very soon!)Tengo que comer rapidà ­simo porque para ir a mi clase. (I have to eat very quickly in order to go to my class.)He formateado el ordenador y funciona lentà ­simo. (I formatted my computer and it is running very slowly.) Prefixes Meaning ‘Very’ The prefixes archi-, super-, and requete- are used sometimes, most often in informal speech. El senador es archiconservativo. (The senator is very conservative. Note that this prefix doesnt necessarily have the negative connotation that arch- does in English. One common archi- word is archipopular for someone or something extremely popular.)Mi novio es superguapo. (My boyfriend is very good-looking. Super is also often used by itself, rather than as a prefix, in much the same way as super can be.)Este pastel es requetebueno. (This cake is very good.) Using Bien to Mean ‘Very’ Usually translated as the adverb well, bien is sometimes used as a mild form of very, usually with a positive connotation. Sometimes the closest English equivalent is pretty as in hes pretty happy, est bien feliz. Other examples: La mejor hora es bien temprano en la maà ±ana. (The best time is fairly early in the morning.)Eso es bien tonto. (Thats quite silly.)Quisiera un tà © bien caliente. (Id like a nice warm tea.) Using the Adverbs Sumamente and Extremadamente Sumamente is stronger than very and can be translated as extremely or highly. Fue sumamente exitosa la campaà ±a de desobediencia civil. (The civil-disobedience campaign was extremely successful.)Sus nià ±as son sumamente inteligentes. (Her daughters are highly intelligent.) A synonym for sumamente is extremadamente: El hotel tiene un baà ±o extremadamente pequeà ±o. (The hotel has an extremely small bathroom.)Me siento extremadamente feliz que encontrà © la parada de bus. (Im extremely happy that I found the bus stop.) Tan Tan is an adverb most often used in phrases such as tan rica como yo (as rich as I am), but it can also stand alone without the como, when it usually is translated as so. Tus abuelos son tan carià ±osos. (Your grandparents are so caring.)El carro es tan hermoso. (The car is so beautiful.) Tan is used this way most often in exclamatory sentences:  ¡Quà © dà ­a tan terrible! (What an awful, terrible day!) ¡Quà © estudiante tan inteligente! (That student is so intelligent!) Key Takeaways The Spanish adverb muy is the most common way of saying very.The suffix -à ­simo can often be used to increase the intensity of adverbs and adjectives.Prefixes used to mean very include archi-, super-, and requete-.

Space Travel is Inevitable essays

Space Travel is Inevitable essays Even before Neil Armstrong made his first steps, people have dreamed about traveling amongst the stars. The Greeks used to tell stories of how the gods lived in the heavens above and described great treks of these deities. The Mayans used a calendar system based off of the stars and large murals that could only be seen from the skies above. This longing to explore has carried mankind to the moon and allowed us to view distant planets. Space exploration is good for mankind but some people see the cost and exclaim that funding could be better used else where. This is far from true. The possibilities of learning about our solar system, the new technologies available, and the differences in cost are all factors that promote space exploration. Planetary probes have already visited various planets and moons in our solar system allow people to learn more about the solar system in which we live. Nothing else has given the people the close-up view of the planets or their moons. No telescope can see the intricate details of the various surfaces these machines can record. Nothing else could provide mankind with the insight that there was life, even though minute, on Jupiters moons. With these probes the government has put into place, people are updating their view of the solar system. People are learning more about the many asteroids and comets and understanding how orbits affect those objects. We have a better understanding of what may occur if one of these asteroids collides with the earth and how it could be the end of mankind. By studying our solar system and devising a means to recognize what could cause a disaster, space exploration could mean the survival of the human race. The technologies provided by the space program have also contributed to the advancement to live here on earth. The kidney dialysis machine that helps so many people stay alive was created through the Apollo program. New insulin pumps can eliminate the need ...

Compare and Contrast 2 Quality Management Theories Research Paper

Compare and Contrast 2 Quality Management Theories - Research Paper Example The basic contention behind the implementation of either Six Sigma or lean techniques is to increase the output from existing processes and methods. It must be taken to note that Six Sigma applies more to bolstering output by removing causes behind defects through the implementation of measurement and statistical techniques (Tennant, 2001). On the other hand, lean techniques consist largely of methods that are aimed at improving processes by looking at existing loopholes and reacting accordingly (Taylor, 2008). Need for Lean Techniques and Six Sigma in the Healthcare Sector Lean techniques are not based in large part on quantification unlike Six Sigma that dwells on quantifying defects for their removal and noting process improvement levels. In recent years, both Six Sigma and lean techniques have been used increasingly in the healthcare sector to deal with existing and emerging challenges. The increasing cost of healthcare and visits to doctors have meant that it is required to opti mize healthcare access costs through the application of Six Sigma and lean techniques. However, it must also be kept in mind that healthcare applications involve critical assessments that might end up with permanent damage to the patient’s health or might even result in a fatality (DelliFraine, Langabeer, & Nembhard, 2010). In such a case, the advantage of applying either Six Sigma or lean techniques is removed altogether as the customer is effectively permanently damaged or removed from the service list. On another note, it must be considered that the failure of Six Sigma or lean techniques in the manufacturing, services or other sectors may result in nothing more than another defect not involving loss to human beings. However, in the case of the healthcare industry, any failure of the Six Sigma or lean techniques regime could possibly lead to a human fatality which is not desirable. Therefore, the application of either Six Sigma or lean techniques requires differentiation b etween critical and non-critical applications in the healthcare sector. Requirements of Quality Management Philosophy in the Healthcare Sector The healthcare industry effectively requires a technique that is not harmful to the customers. In case that Six Sigma is applied to the healthcare industry, it would involve taking measurements as a vital method of producing baselines and quantifying output levels to see how processes have improved. As far as the manufacturing sector is concerned, Six Sigma is effective because the same manufacturing processes are being repeated to manufacture the end product. The continuous nature of the measurement ensures that Six Sigma can be applied across the board to the entire organization. Even if the services industry is considered, it becomes clear that similar end services are being provided to customers resulting in insightful measurements for Six Sigma improvements. However, the case of the healthcare sector is altogether different since any hea lthcare organization is servicing customers with multiple differentiated needs at the same time. For example, the same hospital could be dealing with emergency trauma patients as well as with cardiovascular disease patients. The wide range of processes required to satisfy the end customer do not favor Six Sigma for measurement in the healthcare sector (Taner & Sezen, 2007). Six Sigma In the case of the